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Fig. 4 | Clinical Epigenetics

Fig. 4

From: Pre-implantation alcohol exposure induces lasting sex-specific DNA methylation programming errors in the developing forebrain

Fig. 4

Sex-related changes in embryonic forebrain DNA methylation mediated by early pre-implantation ethanol exposure. a Schematic design of sex-related genome-wide CpG methylation analysis in male (Ctrl n = 3, EtOH n = 8) and female (Ctrl n = 3, EtOH n = 8) E10.5 forebrain samples. Identification of all-tiles associated with either male samples (n = 83 424), female samples (n = 126 857), male–female common samples (n = 46 475), as well as male-specific (n = 971), female-specific (n = 133) and common (n = 111) DMRs (see "Methods" section for details). b Distribution of genomic tiles (100 bp) (common tiles; n = 46 475) across ranges (10%) of CpG methylation in male and female control and EtOH-exposed samples. ****p < 0.0001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05; z-test proportion test. c Distribution of common DMRs (n = 111) with increased or decreased CpG methylation in male (outer circle) and female (inner circle) samples. d Proportion of common DMRs associated with the changes of CpG methylation levels between control and EtOH-exposed in male and female forebrains. e Percentage of tiles associated with various genomic features: genomic annotation (left), repeat elements (middle) and CpG-rich context (right) in common all-tiles (n = 46 475) and common DMRs (n = 111). f Examples of CpG methylation levels of individual samples of common DMRs in male and female samples. ǂ represents significant differences in CpG methylation levels of DMRs (e.g., ±  > 10% methylation difference, q < 0.01) between control and EtOH-exposed embryos (see "Methods" section for details)

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