Fig. 3

Quantile–Quantile plots of p values in epigenome-wide permutation tests. Ten permutations for association tests for (a) gestational diabetes mellitus and (b) 3-year-old BMI z-score were performed respectively. Distributions of p values obtained in these permutations are compared to those (red dots) obtained in the original analysis of cell type-specific differential methylation. All significant CpG loci associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (FDR < 0.05) reside on the right side of the curve after inflexion. (c) Association between 3-year-old BMI z-score and methylation level at cg12586150 in SERPINB1. Solid lines indicate predicted effects; Dotted lines delineate 95% confidence intervals. For visualization, predictions were based on median maternal age, non-smoker, no parity, median gestational age, and child being female. Cell type proportions of other six cell types were set to \(\frac{1 - Proportion\ of\ Monocytes}{6}\)