Fig. 2

Autoregressive and cross-lagged effect between DNA methylation of overall stroke-related CpGs and cardiometabolic traits in all sample. Each point represents one significant effect (P value was set to 3 \(\times\) 10^–4). The X-axis represents the effect at different adjacent time points, for example, IPT3 → IPT5 means the effect of one variable at IPT3 on the other variable at IPT5. The Y-axis represents the standardized estimation coefficient from the regression model. The left part of the figure is the autoregressive effect, and the right part is the cross-lagged effect. “DNAm → DNAm” (gray plus sign) represents autoregressive effect of DNA methylation, “Trait → Trait” (blue circle) represents autoregressive effect of trait, “Trait → DNAm”(brown square) represents cross-lagged effect from trait to DNA methylation, and “DNAm → Trait” (red triangle) represents cross-lagged effect from DNA methylation to trait