Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the participants overall and by vital status at follow-up
Characteristic | All (N = 413) | Alive at the end of the follow-up (N = 257) | Dead (N = 156) |
|---|---|---|---|
Age at baseline, mean (SD), years | 68.6 (3.4) | 67.9 (3.2) | 69.8 (3.4) |
Epigenetic clocks | |||
Horvath’s DNAmAge, mean (SD), years | 66.9 (5.7) | 66.1 (5.6) | 68.2 (5.6) |
DNAm GrimAge, mean (SD), years | 59.9 (4.4) | 58.8 (4.0) | 61.5 (4.5) |
Age acceleration (AA) | |||
AAHorvath | − 0.03 (4.54) | − 0.09 (4.6) | 0.07 (4.44) |
AAGrimAge | − 0.05 (3.19) | − 0.40 (3.0) | 0.54 (3.45) |
Education, mean (SD), years | 8.6 (3.0)* | 8.9 (3.1) | 8.2 (2.8) |
Cigarette smoking, n (%) of participants | |||
Never smokers | 362 (87.9) | 230 (89.5) | 133 (85.3) |
Former smokers | 30 (7.3) | 18 (7.0) | 12 (7.7) |
Current smokers | 20 (4.9) | 9 (3.5) | 11 (7.1) |
Lifetime smoking pack-years, mean (SD) | |||
Former smokers | 10.5 (12.7) | 11.6 (14.2) | 8.7 (10.4) |
Current smokers | 25.0 (14.7) | 21.6 (4.5) | 27.7 (4.8) |
Body mass index, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 27.9 (4.7) | 28.1 (4.9) | 27.6 (4.4) |
Physical activity group, mean (SD) | 2.2 (1.3) | 2.4 (1.3) | 2.1 (1.3) |
Physical activity group, n (%) of participants | |||
Mainly sedentary | 117 (28.3) | 68 (26.5) | 49 (31.4) |
Light physical activity | 136 (32.9) | 80 (31.1) | 56 (35.9) |
Moderate to vigorous physical activity | 160 (38.8) | 109 (42.4) | 51 (32.7) |
Alcohol consumption, n (%) of participants | |||
Abstainer | 143 (34.6%) | 76 (29.6%) | 67 (42.9%) |
Light drinker | 197 (47.7%) | 132 (51.4%) | 65 (41.7%) |
Moderate drinker | 53 (12.8%) | 36 (14.0%) | 17 (10.9%) |
Heavy drinker | 19 (4.6%) | 12 (4.7%) | 7 (4.5%) |
Alcohol consumption, geometric mean (SD), g/d | 3.1 (5.7) | 3.3 (5.5) | 2.8 (5.9) |
Number of chronic diseases, mean (SD) | 2.0 (1.5) | 1.8 (1.3) | 2.3 (1.7) |