Table 1 Demographics and baseline characteristics of COVID-19 and non-Covid 19 in ICU and non-ICU setting and healthy controls

Days admitted pre-enrollment (iqr)*

3.37 (1–5)

2.78 (1–3)

3.96 (1–6)

0.97 (1–1)

0.9 (0.8–1)

0.94 (1–1)

N/A

Sex—n (%)

Male

64 (62.7%)

30 (58.8%)

34 (66.7%)

13 (50%)

4 (40%)

9 (56%)

18 (46%)

Female

38 (37.3%)

21 (41.2%)

17 (33.3%)

13 (50%)

6 (60%)

7 (44%)

21 (54%)

Age-year

Mean (IQR)⁺

61.3 (50.0–74.3)

59.7 (49.0–80.0)

62.9 (55.0–73.0)

63.8 (52.3–76.8)

60.4 (47.3–74.0)

66 (55.3–80.3)

75.8 (71.9–78.8)

Etnicity—n (%)

White*⁺

46 (45.1%)

28 (54.9%)

18 (35.3%)

21 (80.8%)

8 (80%)

13 (81.2%)

35 (89.7%)

Black

11 (10.8%)

5 (9.8%)

6 (11.8%)

4 (15.4%)

2 (20%)

2 (12.5%)

4 (10.3%)

Asian*⁺

2 (1.9%)

0 (0%)

2 (3.9%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

Hispanic*⁺

21 (20.6%)

7 (13.7%)

14 (27.5%)

1 (3.8%)

0 (0%)

1 (6.3%)

0 (0%)

Other*⁺

22 (21.6%)

11 (21.6%)

11 (21.6%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

BMI, kg/m² mean (IQR)

30.39 (25.30–32.24)

29.84 (26.09–32.37)

30.92 (24.50–32.05)

30.36 (26.53–33.10)

27.20 (23.68–30.38)

32.34 (26.98–37.67)

28.52 (24.15–30.40)

Severity indexes (IQR)

Charlson comorbidity index*

3.3 (1–5)

3.16 (1–5)

3.49 (2–5)

4.35 (2–6)

3.3 (1–5)

5 (3–7)

N/A

APACHEII

N/A

N/A

21.6 (15–27)

N/A

N/A

20.6 (12–26)

N/A

SOFA

N/A

N/A

8.2 (6–11)

N/A

N/A

8.6 (3–11)

N/A

SAPSII

N/A

N/A

51.8 (45–62)

N/A

N/A

47.6 (33–65)

N/A

Biomarkers (IQR)

Ferritin (ng/mL)*

938.9 (301.8–1203.8)

782.6 (206.0–934.5)

1076.9 (378.0–1294.0)

250.5 (80.5–382.5)

205.3 (58.0–411.0)

285.7 (92.0–438.5)

N/A

C-Reactive protein (mg/L)*

140.9 (52.0–204.3)

120.6 (44.7–155.0)

158.9 (61.7–248.3)

73.8 (20.0–110.2)

34.7 (8.9–56.8)

99.8 (37.8–175.2)

N/A

D-dimer (mg/L FEU)

11.7 (1.0–12.8)

2.3 (0.6–1.73)

18.6 (1.7–21.6)

5.3 (0.5–4.6)

5.2 (0.4–1.9)

5.5 (0.6–10.2)

N/A

Procalcitonin (ng/mL)

3.2 (0.2–1.8)

1.7 (0.2–1.0)

4.4 (0.3–2.3)

2.1 (0.2–0.7)

2.2 (0.1–3.4)

2.1 (0.3–1.21)

N/A

Lactate (mmol/ L)*

1.2 (0.9–1.5)

1.2 (0.9–1.4)

1.3 (0.9–1.5)

2.1 (0.9–2.5)

1.2 (0.8–1.5)

2.53 (0.9–3.4)

N/A

Fibrinogen (mg/dL)*

543.6 (413.0–667.0)

559.3 (420.0–703.0)

531.7 (391.5–663.0)

362.3 (257.3–550.0)

348.0 (256.75–441.5)

373 (257.3–572.0)

N/A

Albumin (mg/L)*

2.9 (2.6–3.3)

3.2 (2.9–3.5)

2.7 (2.4–2.9)

3.4 (2.9–3.8)

3.8 (3.4–4.1)

3.19 (2.6–3.8)

N/A

Hemogram (IQR)

White blood cells (K/uL)

10.8 (6.1–12.5)

7.1 (4.9–8.5)

14.4 (8.4–15.4)

12.7 (7.2–17.3)

8.3 (6.7–9.7)

15.4 (8.2–20.9)

N/A

Hemoglobin (g/dL)*

11.2 (9.7–12.6)

11.6 (10.2–13.0)

10.7 (9.4–12.1)

12.4 (9.9–14.7)

12.8 (10.45–14.85)

12.3 (9.6–14.5)

N/A

Mean corpuscular volume (fL)*

87.1 (84.5–93.7)

88.0 (85.6–94.2)

86.2 (82.5–93.0)

92.3 (88.6–95.4)

91.2 (87.2–94.6)

93.0 (89.4–97.8)

N/A

Platelet (K/uL)*

266.0 (192.5–320.5)

269.2 (209.0–334)

262.8 (187.0–317.0)

203.5 (151.8–247.8)

228.1 (163.5–278.0)

188.2 (127.5–229.5)

N/A

Neutrophils (%)

76.2 (68.5–86.0)

69.7 (61.0–82.0)

82.8 (80.0–90.0)

77.7 (74.0–87.0)

73.1 (58.8–82.5)

80.5 (79.25–89.25)

N/A

Lymphocytes (%)

13.8 (5.0–18.5)

19.4 (9.0–26.0)

8.3 (4.0–11.0)

12.7 (6.0–18.0)

16.9 (7.0–26.0)

10.1 (4.3–10.8)

N/A

Monocytes (%)

7.1 (4.0–9.0)

8.8 (6.0–11.0)

5.5 (3.0–8.0)

8.0 (4.0–9.3)

7.7 (4.0–10.3)

8.2 (4.0–9.0)

N/A

Eosinophils (%)

0.8 (0.0–1.0)

1.1 (0.0–1.0)

0.5 (0.0–1.0)

1.0 (0.0–1.25)

1.8 (0.0–3.3)

0.44 (0.0–1.0)

N/A

Respiratory parameters

PaO2/FiO2 Ratio

N/A

N/A

161.6 (98–211)

N/A

N/A

149.4 (73–184)

N/A

Positive-end expiratory pressure (cmH2O)*

N/A

N/A

10.8 (10–12)

N/A

N/A

6.6 (73–184)

N/A

Inspiratory Plateau (cmH2O)

N/A

N/A

22.8 (19.7–25.3)

N/A

N/A

23.9 (19.8–28.8)

N/A

Treatment—n (%)

Renal Replacement Therapy

12 (11.8%)

3 (5.9%)

9 (17.6%)

3 (11.5%)

0 (0%)

3 (18.8%)

N/A

Hydroxychloroquine*

87 (85.3%)

43 (84.3%)

44 (86.3%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

N/A

Antibiotics*

98 (96.1%)

47 (92.2%)

51 (100%)

16 (61.5%)

3 (30.0%)

13 (81.3%)

N/A

Antiviral*

1 (0.98%)

0 (0%)

1 (1.9%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

N/A

IL6-Antagoinist*

4 (3.9%)

1 (1.9%)

2 (3.9%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

N/A

Convalescent Plasma*

26 (25.5%)

8 (15.7%)

18 (35.3%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

N/A

Steroid*

46 (45.1%)

12 (23.5%)

34 (66.7%)

4 (15.4%)

1 (10.0%)

3 (18.8%)

N/A

Therapeutic Anticoagulation

37 (36.3%)

2 (3.9%)

35 (68.6%)

8 (30.8%)

1 (10.0%)

7 (43.8%)

N/A

Comorbidities—n (%)

Smoking history*

18 (17.6%)

11 (21.6%)

7 (13.7%)

10 (38.5%)

1 (10.0%)

9 (56.3%)

0 (0%)

Myocardial infarction*

11 (10.8%)

7 (13.7%)

4 (7.4%)

8 (30.8%)

2 (20.0%)

6 (37.5%)

0 (0%)

Congestive heart failure*

4 (3.9%)

2 (3.9%)

2 (3.9%)

4 (15.4%)

1 (10.0%)

3 (18.8%)

0 (0%)

Peripheral vascular disease*

1 (0.98%)

1 (1.9%)

0 (0%)

4 (15.4%)

1 (10.0%)

3 (18.8%)

0 (0%)

Cerebrovascular accident*

2 (1.9%)

1 (1.9%)

1 (1.9%)

3 (11.5%)

1 (10.0%)

2 (12.5%)

0 (0%)

Dementia

6 (5.9%)

4 (7.8%)

2 (3.9%)

1 (3.8%)

0 (0%)

1 (6.3%)

0 (0%)

Pulmonary disease

21 (20.6%)

10 (19.6%)

11 (21.5%)

4 (15.4%)

2 (20.0%)

2 (12.5%)

0 (0%)

Rheumatic disease

3 (2.9%)

3 (5.9%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

Peptic ulcer disease

1 (0.98%)

1 (1.9%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

Diabetes mellitus

36 (35.3%)

15 (29.4%)

21 (41.2%)

6 (23.1%)

2 (20.0%)

4 (25.0%)

0 (0%)

Renal disease

11 (10.8%)

4 (7.8%)

7 (13.7%)

5 (19.2%)

2 (20.0%)

3 (18.8%)

0 (0%)

Cancer (solid)

4 (3.9%)

1 (1.9%)

3 (5.9%)

2 (7.7%)

0 (0%)

2 (12.5%)

0 (0%)

HIV/AIDS

2 (1.9%)

1 (1.9%)

1 (1.9%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)