Table 3 The 4-marker model performance metrics

Overall

All_rmHGIN*

Overall

HGIN

Stage_I

Stage_II

Stage_III

Stage_IV

Train

0.808 (0.732–0.883)

0.808 (0.732–0.883)

0.893 (0.778–1.000)

–

0.786 (0.571–1.000)

0.706 (0.553–0.859)

0.818 (0.59–1.000)

0.889 (0.797–0.981

Test

0.806 (0.676–0.935)

0.806 (0.676–0.935)

0.889 (0.684–1.000)

–

0.833 (0.535–1.000)

0.600 (0.171–1.000)

0.800 (0.449–1.000)

0.85 (0.694–1.000)

Validation

0.544 (0.415–0.673)

0.800 (0.667–0.933)

0.971 (0.914–1.000)

0.455 (0.227–0.682)

0.667 (0.289–1.000)

0.800 (0.449–1.000)

0.800 (0.449–1.000)

0.842 (0.678–1.000)