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Table 7 Summary of epigenetic differentiation studies in asthma

From: A review of epigenetic changes in asthma: methylation and acetylation

Author and year

Subjects

Specimen

Status

Gene/region

Differentiation

References

Cosio et al. 2004

Adults with atopic asthma

Alveolar macrophages and peripheral blood monocytes

Mild, moderate, and severe asthma in response to drugs that change HDAC and HAT activity

HDAC

Histone acetylation

[140]

Pascual et al. 2011

Adults with allergic asthma

PBMC

allergic subjects, aspirin-intolerant asthmatics, and healthy subjects

CYP26A1

Hypermethylation

[134]

Isidoro-García et al. 2011

Adults with allergic asthma

PBMC derived CD19 + B lymphocytes

Asthma severity

PTGDR

Hypomethylation

[137]

Runyon et al. 2012

Adult monozygotic twins

Peripheral whole blood and BALF

Childhood asthma discordancy

IFN-γ and FOXP3

Hypermethylation

[136]

Yang et al. 2013

Adults

Peripheral blood leukocytes

Asthma severity

ADAM33

Same methylation pattern

[139]

Li et al. 2013

Adults with allergic asthma

Peripheral blood T-cells

Severe eosinophilic asthma with glucocorticoid resistance

LAT

Histone hypoacetylation

[37]

Gunawardhana et al. 2014

Male and female adults with stable asthma

Peripheral blood CD14 + monocytes

eosinophilic asthma, paucigranulocytic asthma, and neutrophilic asthma

223, 237, and 72 differentially methylated CpG loci

Hypermethylation

[135]

Xiao et al. 2015

Children

Nasal epithelial cells

Corticosteroid treatment response

Vanin-1

DNA methylation

[141]

Zhang et al. 2017

Children

Nasal epithelial cells

Steroid treatment response

OTX2 and LDHC

DNA methylation

[129]

Yang et al. 2017

Inner-city children

Nasal epithelial cells

Persistent atopic asthma

186 genes

DNA methylation

[146]

Xu et al. 2018

Children

Nasal cells, cord blood, whole blood, peripheral blood

Allergic asthma

14 CpG Sites

Hypomethylation

[144]

Reese et al. 2019

Newborns and children

Whole blood and nasal respiratory epithelium cells and eosinophils

Asthma diagnosis in newborns and children

179 CpGs with 36 regions in children and 9 CpGs with 35 regions in newborns

DNA methylation

[145]

Shi et al. 2020

Children

Nasal epithelial cells

Childhood atopic asthma

TNF and HLA-DBA1

DNA methylation

[147]

Vermeulen et al. 2020

Adults

Ciliated epithelial cells, basal cells, smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, neutrophils, and T-cells

Persistence and remission in asthma and in different cell types

4 differentially methylated CpG sites and 42 regions

DNA methylation

(133)