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Table 5 Bidirectional Mendelian randomization results of DNA methylation of CHRNA5 and smoking

From: Epigenome-wide association study of whole blood gene expression in Framingham Heart Study participants provides molecular insight into the potential role of CHRNA5 in cigarette smoking-related lung diseases

Exposure

Outcome

Instrumental variant

Method

beta

se

P value

cg19696491

Pack-years of smoking

rs12915652

Wald ratio

 − 1.50

0.21

4.94E − 13

cg22563815

Pack-years of smoking

rs12915652

Wald ratio

 − 1.32

0.18

4.94E − 13

Pack-years of smoking

cg22563815

9 SNPs

Inverse variance weighted

 − 0.077

0.031

0.012

Pack-years of smoking

cg19696491

9 SNPs

Inverse variance weighted

 − 0.067

0.026

0.01