Table 3 Alterations in promoter methylation of selected genes in the blood and buccal mucosa from patients with periodontitis
| Gene promoter | Study authors | Number of participants (healthy individuals:patients with periodontitis) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Blood | |||
| TNF | Kojima et al. [90] | 30:30 (+ 30 patients with RA) | ↑ (the same effect observed in RA, but in higher number of CpG sites) |
| Kobayashi et al. [79] | 30:30 | ─ | |
| IL6 | Ishida et al. [91] | 30:30 (+ 30 patients with RA) | ↓ (the same effect observed in RA) |
| Kobayashi et al. [79] | 30:30 | ─ | |
| VDR | Kurushima et al. [93] |
EWAS twin study, correlation with 2 different periodontal traits was analyzed separately in participants from TwinsUK registry (83% monozygotic and 10% dizygotic twins) Gingival bleeding (528 participants: 259 negative vs 269 positive) Tooth mobility (492 participants: 371 negative vs 121 positive) There was an overlap of 474 participants between the analyses | ↕ |
| IL6ST | |||
| TMCO6 | |||
| IL1RN | |||
| CD44 | |||
| IL1B | |||
| WHAMM | |||
| CXCL1 | |||
| Buccal mucosa | |||
| IL8 | Oliveira et al. [81] | 41:70 (periodontitis group was divided into 30 smokers and 40 non-smokers) | ↓ (no difference between smokers and non-smokers) |
| Andia et al. [94] | 37:37 (aggressive periodontitis patients) | ↓ | |
| SOCS1 | Baptista et al. [95] | 30:30 (aggressive periodontitis patients) | ↑ |
| VDR | Kurushima et al. [93] |
EWAS twin study, correlation with 2 Different periodontal traits were analyzed separately: Gingival bleeding (43 participants: 18 negative vs 25 positive; 20 monozygotic twins, 16 dizygotic twins and 7 singletons) Tooth mobility (41 participants: 29 negative vs 12 positive; 20 monozygotic twins, 12 dizygotic twins and 9 singletons) There was an overlap of 40 participants between the analyses | ↕ |
| IL6ST | |||
| TMCO6 | |||
| IL1RN | |||
| CD44 | |||
| IL1B | |||
| WHAMM | |||
| CXCL1 | |||
| MMP13 | |||
| MED24 | |||
| CCR1 | |||
| MMP3 | |||
| TLR4 | |||
| IL6 | |||
| IL10 | |||
| SNORD124 | |||