Table 1 Demographics of participants and medical characteristics of patients upon PICU admission
PICU patients | Healthy controls | p value | PICU patients Early-PN | PICU patients Late-PN | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 42 | n = 42 | n = 36 | n = 36 | |||
Demographics | ||||||
Age (mean ± SEM)—years | 3.9 ± 0.6 | 3.8 ± 0.5 | 0.93 | 2.6 ± 0.7 | 2.1 ± 0.5 | 0.57 |
Infant (age < 1 year)—no. (%) | 14 (33) | 10 (24) | 0.33 | 22 (61) | 22 (61) | 1.00 |
Sex | 0.82 | 0.81 | ||||
Female—no. (%) | 21 (50) | 22 (48) | 15 (42) | 14 (39) | ||
Male—no. (%) | 21 (50) | 20 (52) | 21 (58) | 22 (61) | ||
Socio-economic statusa | ||||||
Educational level of the parents | – | 0.13 | ||||
Parents educational level 1.5—no. (%) | 3 (7) | NA | 4 (11) | 1 (3) | ||
Parents educational level 2—no. (%) | 10 (24) | NA | 11 (31) | 9 (25) | ||
Parents educational level 2.5—no. (%) | 6 (14) | NA | 4 (11) | 7 (19) | ||
Parents educational level 3—no. (%) | 10 (24) | NA | 6 (17) | 13 (36) | ||
Parents educational level unknown—no. (%) | 13 (31) | NA | 11 (31) | 6 (17) | ||
Occupational level of the parents | – | 0.28 | ||||
Parents occupational level 1.5—no. (%) | 2 (5) | NA | 2 (6) | 2 (6) | ||
Parents occupational level 2—no. (%) | 8 (19) | NA | 8 (22) | 8 (22) | ||
Parents occupational level 2.5—no. (%) | 2 (5) | NA | 2 (6) | 3 (8) | ||
Parents occupational level 3—no. (%) | 7 (17) | NA | 5 (14) | 9 25) | ||
Parents occupational level 3.5—no. (%) | 1 (2) | NA | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | ||
Parents occupational level 4—no. (%) | 5 (12) | NA | 3 (8) | 7 (19) | ||
Parents occupational level unknown—no. (%) | 17 (40) | NA | 15 (41) | 7 (19) | ||
Patient characteristics upon PICU admission | ||||||
Weight z-score (mean ± SEM) | − 0.45 ± 0.23 | NA | – | − 0.48 ± 0.21 | − 0.41 ± 0.25 | 0.84 |
Height z-score (mean ± SEM) | − 0.63 ± 0.34 | NA | – | − 0.61 ± 0.28 | − 0.21 ± 0.36 | 0.39 |
STRONGkids risk levelb | – | 0.15 | ||||
Medium—no. (%) | 38 (90) | NA | 35 (97) | 32 (89) | ||
High—no. (%) | 4 (10) | NA | 1 (3) | 4 (11) | ||
PeLOD score first 24 h in PICU (mean ± SEM)c | 28.3 ± 1.4 | NA | – | 29.4 ± 1.5 | 30.0 ± 1.2 | 0.72 |
PIM3 score (mean ± SEM)d | − 3.06 ± 0.17 | NA | – | − 2.87 ± 0.20 | − 3.23 ± 0.12 | 0.13 |
Infection upon PICU admission | 14 (33) | NA | – | 9 (25) | 9 (25) | 1.00 |
Diagnostic categorye | NA | – | 0.23 | |||
Surgical-cardiac—no. (%) | 23 (55) | NA | 24 (67) | 27 (75) | ||
Surgical-other—no. (%) | 4 (10) | NA | 3 (8) | 2 (6) | ||
Neurosurgery/neurology—no. (%) | 6 (14) | NA | 4 (11) | 2 (6) | ||
Trauma/burn—no. (%) | 1 (2) | NA | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | ||
Transplantation/haematology/oncology—no. (%) | 2 (5) | NA | 1 (3) | 1 (3) | ||
Medical-other—no. (%) | 6 (14) | NA | 4 (11) | 3 (8) | ||
History of malignancy—no. (%) | 5 (12) | NA | – | 3 (8) | 2 (6) | 0.64 |
Diabetes—no. (%) | 0 (0) | NA | – | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – |
Predefined syndrome—no. (%)f | 8 (19) | NA | – | 8 (22) | 3 (8) | 0.09 |
Randomisation | ||||||
Early-PN—no. (%) | 19 (45) | NA | – | 36 (100) | 0 (0) | – |
Late-PN—no. (%) | 23 (55) | NA | – | 0 (0) | 36 (100) | – |