Table 1 Characteristics of the study subjects

Female (%)

108 (62.8)

64 (37.2)

0.579

Chronological age (years)

59.74 (8.21)

62.25 (8.49)

< 0.007

Living area

<0.078

 Urban

59

140

 Rural

104

46

Smoke

0.636

 Never smoker

134 (62.9)

83 (61)

 Former smoker

37 (17.4)

23 (16.9)

 Current smoker

42 (19.7)

30 (22.1)

Alcohol

 Never drinker

106 (49.8)

62 (45.6)

0.824

 Non-regular

3 (1.4)

10 (7.4)

 Regular drinker

104 (48.8)

64 (47.1)

Education

0.155

 Elementary school or less

22

91

 Middle school graduate

13

22

 High school or higher

24

27

Income (USD)

0.011

 < 1000

19

115

 1000–2000

29

27

 ≥ 2000

114

38

Physical activity (MET/day)

90.40 (13.84)

91.49 (13.21)

0.555

 Waist (cm)

80.34 (7.77)

91.99 (6.98)

< 0.001

 Hip (cm)

89.25 (4.92)

94.31 (5.50)

< 0.001

 WHR

0.90 (0.07)

0.98 (0.06)

< 0.001

 BMI (m²/kg)

22.94 (2.81)

26.46 (2.97)

< 0.001

 SBP (mmHg)

117.03 (15.79)

124.18 (14.73)

< 0.001

 DBP (mmHg)

74.79 (9.70)

77.49 (8.69)

0.007

 TG (mg/dl)

109.72 (99.99)

188.90 (154.71)

< 0.001

 Fasting glucose (mg/dl)

109.60 (55.14)

140.54 (54.15)

< 0.001

 HDL (mg/dl)

49.05 (11.45)

37.68 (7.80)

< 0.001

MetS score

 0

68 (31.9)

< 0.001

 1

68 (31.9)

 2

77 (36.2)

 3

62 (45.6)

 4

52 (38.2)

 5

22 (16.2)