Epigenetic age and pregnancy outcomes: GrimAge acceleration is associated with shorter gestational length and lower birthweight

Table 2 Summary of linear regression models testing associations between pregnancy outcomes, gestational length and birthweight, from epigenetic age indices, controlling for demographics, gestational age at blood sample collection, and pre-pregnancy BMI

Outcome	Predictor	b	SE	β	p
Gestational length	Age acceleration residual	− .041	.046	− .116	.384
	Senescent T cells	− .050	.069	− .093	.474
	IEAA	− .044	.046	− .123	.345
	EEAA	.017	.049	.045	.735
	PEAA	.005	.040	.018	.905
	GrimAgeAccel	− .172	.053	− .398	.002
	DNAm PAI-1	− 2.17 × 10⁻⁴	7.2 × 10⁻⁵	− .375	.004
	DNAm ADM	− .033	.011	− .353	.003
	DNAm B2M	− 4.02 × 10⁻⁶	2.0 × 10⁻⁵	− .207	.091
	DNAm cystatin C	− 2.10 × 10⁻⁵	8.0 × 10⁻⁵	− .304	.012
	DNAm GDF	− 1.69 × 10⁴	.002	− .011	.930
	DNAm leptin	− 6.24 × 10⁻⁵	1.1 × 10⁻⁴	− .071	.586
	DNAm smoking pack years	− .044	.028	− .200	.125
	DNAm TIMP1	3.71 × 10⁻⁴	3.1 × 10⁻⁴	− .150	.234
	DNAm TL	− .819	1.16	− .096	.482
Birthweight	Age acceleration residual	− 13.4	16.7	− .108	.428
	Senescent T cells	.695	25.0	.004	.978
	IEAA	− 15.6	16.7	− .124	.353
	EEAA	− 11.4	17.8	− .088	.524
	PEAA	− 12.6	14.3	− .134	.382
	GrimAgeAccel	− 71.9	18.5	− .471	< .001
	DNAm PAI-1	− .081	.026	− .397	.003
	DNAm ADM	− 13.8	3.87	− .413	.001
	DNAm B2M	− .002	.001	− .223	.075
	DNAm Cystatin C	− .010	.003	− .403	.001
	DNAm GDF	− .346	.691	− .063	.618
	DNAm leptin	.006	.041	.018	.894
	DNAm smoking pack years	− 17.8	10.2	− .228	.086
	DNAm TIMP1	− .151	.111	− .173	.179
	DNAm TL	217	420	.072	.608

All epigenetic age indices were adjusted for chronological age
ADM adrenomedullin, B2M β2 Microglobulin, EEAA extrinsic epigenetic age acceleration, IEAA intrinsic epigenetic age acceleration, GDF growth and differentiation factor, GrimAgeAccel GrimAge acceleration, PAI-1 plasminogen activation inhibitor-1, PEAA phenotypic epigenetic age acceleration, TIMP-1 tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1, TL telomere

ISSN: 1868-7083