Fig. 2

The GO enrichment map of differential methylation sites (DMSs), and the top 30 items are displayed in the graph. The larger the enrichment value is, the more significant the enrichment is. Fig. 2b shows the KEGG pathway analysis of DMSs in genes, and the top 30 items are displayed in the graph. Figure 2c shows the potentially most important pathway network, and the differentially methylated genes are involved in pathways of cytokine receptor signaling, MAPK signaling pathway, apoptosis, calcium signaling pathway, adhesion factor, ErbB signaling pathway, cell cycle, Wnt signaling pathway, mTOR pathway, and others. Figure 2d shows the heat map of DMS in the diabetic retinopathy (DR) group comparing to the non-DR group. The sites are classified to one of the following eight regions: TSS1500 (1500 bp upstream to 200 bp upstream of TSS), TSS200 (200 bp upstream of TSS), 5′ UTR, the first exon (1st Exon), 3′ UTR, other exon (excluding the first exon), and intronic and intergenic regions. Red indicates DMSs above the average level, and green indicates DMSs below the average of all of the samples