Effect of short-term prescription opioids on DNA methylation of the OPRM1 promoter

Clinical Epigenetics

Table 1 Participant characteristics and postoperative opioid use

Variables^a
Sex
Female	19
Male	14
Age (years)	33.61 ± 13.84
Self-reported race/ethnicity
African-American	13
Caucasian	13
Other^b	7
Tobacco in the past 12 months^c
Yes	11
No	22
Marijuana in the past 12 months^c
Yes	10
No	23
Other disease diagnosis^c
Yes	17
No	16
Prescribed opioid medication
Hydrocodone 5 mg	19
Oxycodone 5 mg	12
Oxycodone 10 mg	1
Oxycodone 5 mg and codeine 30 mg	1
Length of opioid use in days (mean ± sd)	6 ± 4
MME^d(mean ± sd)	64.91 ± 48.88
< 25 MME (< Q1)	10
25–90 MME (Q1–Q3)	13
≥ 90 MME (≥ Q3)	10
Surgery to visit 2 in days (mean ± sd)	8.0 ± 4.1
Surgery to visit 3 in days (mean ± sd)	43.9 ± 10.9
Number of completed visits
Three visits (v1, v2, and v3)	26 participants
Two visits (v1 and v2)	5 participants^e
Two visits (v2 and v3)	1 participant
Only v1	1 participant

^aMean and standard deviation (sd) for continuous variables and counts for categorical variables
^bOther = Hispanic/Latino, Asian, Middle-eastern, and Native American
^cSelf-reported data on other drug use and diagnosis of other diseases (diseases listed in Additional file 1: Table S1)
^dOpioid dose converted to morphine milligram equivalent (MME) according to medication type; Q1 is the first quartile (25%) and Q3 is the third quartile (75%)
^eMethylome data for one participant with v1 and v2 samples were excluded during the methylome data check (see the “Methods” section)

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