Table 2 Origins of alcohol consumption DNAm scores employed in the current analysis

‘A DNA methylation biomarker of alcohol consumption’ Liu et al. [18]

EWAS (450 K) were conducted initially using linear models per cohort. Next, an inverse variance-weighted random-effects model was used to meta-analyse 8 European-ancestry cohorts. CpGs from the meta-analysis were taken forward and included in a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression in an independent cohort, with four selection criteria used to select CpGs with predictive value of alcohol consumption

‘Epigenetic prediction of complex traits and death’ McCartney et al. [4]

EWAS (MethylationEPIC) were conducted using a LASSO regression model with k-fold (k = 10) cross-validation.