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Table 1 Characteristics of the subjects with Illumina EPIC array data

From: DNA methylation age calculators reveal association with diabetic neuropathy in type 1 diabetes

 

Primary cohort Conventional group

N = 124

Mean (SD)/N (%)

Primary cohort Intensive group

N = 125

Mean (SD)/N (%)

Secondary cohort Conventional group

N = 125

Mean (SD)/N (%)

Secondary cohort Intensive group

N = 125

Mean (SD)/N (%)

Total

N = 499

Mean (SD)/N (%)

Sex (male)

73 (58.9%)

60 (48.0%)

65 (52.0%)

73 (58.4%)

271 (54.3%)

Stimulated C-peptide at DCCT eligibility (pmol/ml)

0.18 (0.14)

0.17 (0.14)

0.08 (0.09)

0.06 (0.06)

0.12 (0.12)

Time-weighted HbA1c (%)*

8.93 (1.23)

6.93 (0.72)

8.73 (1.18)

7.13 (0.73)

7.92 (1.34)

Current smoker

24 (19.4%)

19 (15.2%)

25 (20.0%)

27 (21.6%)

95 (19.0%)

Alcohol consumption

     

 None

81 (65.3%)

80 (64.0%)

83 (66.4%)

82 (65.6%)

326 (65.3%)

 Occasional

11 (8.9%)

12 (9.6%)

8 (6.4%)

11 (8.8%)

42 (8.4%)

 Regular

32 (25.8%)

33 (26.4%)

34 (27.2%)

32 (25.6%)

131 (26.3%)

Physical activity at job†

     

 Sedentary

57 (46.0%)

49 (39.2%)

49 (39.2%)

55 (44.0%)

210 (42.1%)

 Moderate

64 (51.6%)

69 (55.2%)

74 (59.2%)

63 (50.4%)

270 (54.1%)

 Strenuous

3 (2.4%)

7 (5.6%)

2 (1.6%)

7 (5.6%)

19 (3.8%)

Leisure time physical activity‡

     

 METs < 450

38 (30.7%)

47 (37.6%)

38 (30.4%)

52 (41.6%)

175 (35.1%)

 METs 450–1500

39 (31.5%)

34 (27.2%)

41 (32.8%)

34 (27.2%)

148 (29.7%)

 METs > 1500

46 (37.1%)

44 (35.2%)

46 (36.8%)

39 (31.2%)

175 (35.1%)

 Missing

1 (0.8%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

1 (0.2%)

BMI (kg/m2)

24.9 (2.8)

25.4 (3.3)

25.0 (2.8)

26.6 (4.1)

25.5 (3.4)

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

112.6 (10.8)

112.3 (11.4)

116.2 (11.5)

116.3 (10.6)

114.4 (11.2)

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

73.9 (8.2)

72.3 (7.7)

73.8 (8.1)

74.4 (8.2)

73.6 (8.1)

HDL (mg/dl)

52.9 (13.0)

54.9 (14.7)

51.0 (11.4)

48.8 (11.4)

51.9 (12.9)

LDL (mg/dl)

107.7 (30.2)

111.5 (27.0)

114.4 (31.0)

111.1 (28.0)

111.2 (29.1)

Triglyceride (mg/dl)

75.3 (41.1)

74.2 (45.1)

88.1 (54.2)

76.7 (39.3)

78.6 (45.5)

Total cholesterol (mg/dl)

175.7 (34.4)

181.2 (31.3)

183.0 (34.6)

175.3 (30.9)

17.8 (32.9)

Pulse rate (beat/min)

71.1 (9.8)

71.2 (9.1)

72.9 (9.3)

73.5 (9.3)

72.2 (9.4)

Age at diagnosis (years)

26.5 (5.9)

26.9 (5.4)

19.8 (7.1)

19.5 (6.7)

23.2 (7.2)

Duration (months)

88.1 (28.1)

85.7 (23.9)

173.5 (51.8)

184.8 (48.5)

133.1 (61.2)

Chronological age (years)

34.6 (6.1)

34.8 (5.6)

35.0 (5.3)

35.6 (5.8)

35.0 (5.7)

Pan-tissue

     

 DNAm age (years)

35.9 (6.8)

36.5 (6.3)

37.3 (6.5)

38.2 (6.5)

37.0 (6.5)

 Epigenetic age acceleration (years)

1.3 (4.5)

1.8 (4.1)

2.4 (4.0)

2.5 (4.5)

2.0 (4.3)

Skin & Blood

     

 DNAm age (years)

30.1 (7.5)

30.2 (6.6)

30.7 (6.5)

32.1 (6.6)

30.8 (6.9)

 Epigenetic age acceleration (years)

− 4.5 (3.1)

− 4.5 (3.1)

− 4.3 (3.2)

− 3.5 (3.2)

− 4.2 (3.2)

PhenoAge

     

 DNAm age (years)

27.1 (8.1)

26.8 (7.3)

27.0 (7.8)

28.2 (8.0)

27.3 (7.8)

 Epigenetic age acceleration (years)

− 7.5 (5.8)

− 8.0 (5.0)

− 7.9 (5.0)

− 7.4 (5.7)

− 7.7 (5.4)

GrimAge

     

 DNAm age (years)

40.3 (6.9)

40.3 (6.6)

40.7 (6.5)

42.2 (7.0)

40.8 (6.8)

 Epigenetic age acceleration (years)

5.7 (4.7)

5.5 (4.3)

5.7 (4.8)

6.6 (5.0)

5.9 (4.7)

  1. All factors were obtained at DNAm measurement except for stimulated C-peptide which is measured at DCCT eligibility
  2. MET metabolic equivalent of task
  3. *Time-weighted HbA1c since DCCT baseline
  4. †Level of activity on the job, at school, or in home making: sedentary such as office work with occasional inter-office walking; moderate activity requires considerable but not constant lifting, walking, bending, pulling, etc. such as homemaker with family and without domestic assistance; and strenuous activity requires almost constant lifting, bending, pulling, scrubbing, etc. such as furniture mover
  5. ‡According to the international classification by Ainsworth used by American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), light, moderate, hard, and very hard activity was allocated 3, 4, 6, and 9 METs, respectively. For each participant, these allocated MET values were multiplied by the time (min) spent in that activity to obtain the MET for that level of activity. The sum of METs from all activities was recorded as the total leisure time activity for each participant. Subjects then were categorized into three groups based on the ACSM recommendation for METs min/week [17, 18]