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Table 1 Particulate matter effects on DNA methylation, in different life stages

From: Particulate matter exposure shapes DNA methylation through the lifespan

Life stage

↑/↓*

Genes

Type

Tissue

Ref.

Number

Preconceptional

↑

Global

Mouse

Sperm

Yauk et al. (2008)

[14]

Pregnancy, first trimester

↑

LINE-1

Human

Blood spots

Breton et al. (2016)

[15]

Pregnancy, first trimester

↓

Global

Human

Placenta

Janssen et al. (2013)

[16]

Pregnancy, first trimester

↓

LINE-1

Human

Placenta

Cai et al. (2017)

[17]

Pregnancy

↓

LINE-1

Human

Placenta

Kingsley et al. (2016)

[18]

Pregnancy

↑↓

7 CpG sites (i.e., three located near PTPRN2, TMEM125, and VPS4A genes, the other 4 sites mapped to non-genic regions)

Human

Placenta

Kingsley et al. (2016)

[18]

Pregnancy, first and second trimester

↑

HSD11B2

Human

Placenta

Oakley and Cidlowski (2013)

[19]

Pregnancy, second trimester

↑

SOD2

Human

Cord blood and maternal blood

Zhou et al. (2019)

[20]

Pregnancy

↑↓

APEX1, OGG1, ERCC4, TP53 DAPK1

Human

Placenta

Neven et al. (2018)

[21]

Pregnancy, third trimester

↑

NPAS2, CRY1, PER2, PER3

Human

Placenta

Nawrot et al. (2018)

[22]

Pregnancy, first trimester

↑

D-loop, MT-RNR1

Human

Placenta

Janssen et al. (2015)

[23]

Childhood, asthma

↓

Immune genes (e.g., IL13 and RUNX3)

Human

Blood

Yang et al. (2015)

[24]

Childhood, asthma

↑

FOXP3

Human

Blood

Prunicki et al. (2018)

[25]

Childhood

↓

IL-4, IFN-γ

Human

Blood

Jung et al. (2017)

[26]

Childhood

↓

TET1

Human

Nasal airway cells

Somineni et al. (2016)

[27]

Childhood

↑

FAM13A, NOTCH4

Human

Blood

Gruzieva et al. (2019)

[28]

Adult age, healthy

↑↓

MATN4, ARPP21, CFTR

Human

Blood

Gondalia et al. (2019)

[29]

Adult age, obese

↓

CD14, TLR4

Human

Blood

Cantone et al. (2017)

[30]

Adult age, occupational exposure

↓

NOS3, EDN1

Human

Blood

Tarantini et al. (2013)

[31]

Adult age, CVD

↑↓

cg20455854, cg07855639, cg07598385, cg17360854, cg23599683

Human

Blood

Chi et al. (2016)

[32]

Adult age, CVD

↓

Global

Human

Blood

Plusquin et al. (2017)

[33]

Adult age, CVD

↓

Alu, TLR4

Human, crossover

Blood

Bellavia et al. (2013)

[34]

Adult age, CVD

↑

IFN-γ

Human, crossover

Blood

Tobaldini et al. (2018)

[35]

Adult age, CVD

↑↓

Loci related to insulin resistance, glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, platelet activation, and cell survival and apoptosis

Human, crossover

Blood

Li et al. (2018)

[36]

Adult age, CVD

↑↓

Loci related to apoptosis, cell death and metabolic pathways, or associated with ion binding and shuttling

In vitro

Human cardiomyocytes AC16

Yang et al. (2018)

[37]

Adult age, respiratory disease

↑↓

2827 CpG sites (genes involved in inflammation and oxidative stress response), repetitive elements, and microRNA

Human, crossover

Blood

Jiang et al. (2014)

[38]

Adult age, respiratory disease

↑↓

12 differentially methylated probes and 27 differentially methylated regions

Human

Blood

Lee et al. (2019)

[39]

Adult age, cancer

↑

P16INK4A

In vitro

Ex vivo lymphocytes

Fougere et al. (2018)

[40]

Adult age, cancer

↑

P16INK4A

In vitro

Primary human bronchial epithelial cells

Leclercq et al. (2017)

[41]

Adult age, cancer

↑↓

66 genes

In vitro

BEAS-2B cells

Hesselbach et al. (2017)

[42]

Adult age, cancer

↑↓

P16INK4A, APC, LINE-1, NOS2

Mouse

Blood

Ding et al. (2016)

[43]

Adult age, cancer, DOHaD

↑↓

SYK, CCND2

Human

Blood

Callahan et al. (2018)

[44]

Adult age

↑

MT-TF, MT-RNR1

Human

Blood

Byun et al. (2013)

[45]

Adult age

↓

D-loop

Human

Blood

Byun et al. (2016)

[46]

Elderly

↑↓

Genes involved in tumor development, gene regulation, inflammatory stimuli, pulmonary disorders, and glucose metabolism

Human

Blood

Panni et al. (2016)

[47]

Elderly

↑↓

LINE-1, Alu, IL-6

Human

Blood

Bind et al. (2012)

[48]

Elderly

↓

iNOS

Human

Blood

Madrigano et al. (2012)

[49]

  1. *Increase (↑) or decrease (↓) in DNA methylation