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Table 3. Expressional breadth and function of genes exhibiting either imprinting or biased parental allelic expression in the human placenta

From: Parent-of-origin-specific allelic expression in the human placenta is limited to established imprinted loci and it is stably maintained across pregnancy

Gene

Tissues with imprinted expression/all tissues with available expression data in GTEx [7]

Tissue expression

Function

Confirmed placental imprinted genes

MEG3 (ncRNA)

Imprinting in all 33 available tissues

Placenta and adrenal enriched

Tumor suppressor; angiogenesis inhibitor

PHLDA2

Limited transcription in other organs than placenta and biallelic expression in all these tissues

Placenta enriched

Trophoblast function

RTL1

Imprinting in adrenal, brain, pituitary tissues

Placenta and adrenal enriched

Maintenance of the fetal capillaries

H19 (ncRNA)

Imprinting in 34/35 tissues

Placenta enriched

Tumor suppressor

PEG10

Imprinting in 26/30 tissues

Placenta and adrenal enriched

Cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis

IGF2

Imprinting in 25/33 tissuesa

Placenta enriched

Fetal development and growth

MEST

Imprinting in 19/33 tissues

Placenta enriched

Invasion of extravillous trophoblast

ZFAT

Limited transcription in other organs than placenta and biallelic expression in all these tissues

Placenta enriched

Regulator of apoptosis and cell survival

PLAGL1

Imprinting in 31/34 tissues

Placenta enriched

Suppressor of cell growth

DLK1

Imprinting in 10/12 tissues

Placenta and adrenal enriched

Cell growth and differentiation

AIM1

n.a.

Placenta enhanced

Transporter mediating melanin synthesis

Genes with high-confidence biased parental allelic expression in the placenta

KLHDC10

No reported imprinting signals in any tissues

All tissues

Oxidative stress-induced cell death

NLRP2

Non-parental monoallelic expression, but not consistent with imprinting

Mixed tissues; high in testis

Regulation of immune response, inflammation

GRB10

Imprinting in the brainb

All tissues

Interaction with insulin receptors and insulin-like growth-factor receptors

NAA60

No reported imprinting signals in any tissues

All tissues

Chromatin assembly, chromosome integrity

CPXM2

No reported imprinting signals in any tissues

Epididymis and smooth muscle enhanced

Carboxypeptidase enzyme

MCCC1

No reported imprinting signals in any tissues

All tissues

Carboxylation enzyme

PLEKHG4B

No reported imprinting signals in any tissues

Thyroid and pituitary enhanced

Guanine nucleotide exchange factor

DCAF10

No reported imprinting signals in any tissues

All tissues

Possibly ligase function

DNMT1

No reported imprinting signals in any tissues

All tissues

Maintenance of DNA methylation

NUDT12

No imprinting, but heterogeneous patterns of monoallelic expression

Mixed tissues

Regulation of nucleotides concentrations

RHOBTB3

No reported imprinting signals in any tissues

All tissues

Associated with Golgi, GTPase function

ZDBF2

Imprinting in 32/34 tissues

Mixed tissues

Zinc finger protein with unknown function

MKRN3

Imprinting in the brain, esophagus (mucosa)

Brain, placenta, testis enhanced

Inhibitor of GnRH secretion in childhood

GRHL1

No reported imprinting signals in any tissues

Esophagus and skin enhanced

Transcription factor critical in the development

  1. For the majority of genes, the information on the expression in human tissues/organs was derived from Protein Atlas [31]. For RNA genes, the information on the tissue expression was derived from NCBI Gene [33]. The same database was applied to extract functional information on the analyzed genes. n.d., not described
  2. aPaternal allele expression in all tissues except brain with maternal allele expression
  3. bPaternal expression in brain and maternal in the placenta
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Clinical Epigenetics

ISSN: 1868-7083

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