Table 2 Summary of studies reporting associations between prenatal exposure to EDCs and epigenetic alterations
From: Prenatal epigenetics diets play protective roles against environmental pollution
Chemical | Model | Exposure stage | Epigenetic change | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bisphenol A | Mouse | In utero | Increased EZH gene expression in the mammary gland | [138] | |
Human and mouse | Perinatal | Differential DNA methylation in repetitive DNA | [141] | ||
Human | In utero | Altered genome-wide DNA methylation in fetal liver | [144] | ||
Human | 1st to 2nd trimester | Increased site-specific methylation at COMT and SULT2A1 promoters in fetal liver | [145] | ||
Mouse | Preconception to weaning | Hypomethylation and increased expression of the Avy gene in agouti mouse model | [11] | ||
Mouse | In utero | Decreased methylation in Hoxa10 gene promoter | [139] | ||
Rat | Perinatal | Modified hepatic DNA methylation | [140] | ||
Sheep | Prenatal | Altered microRNA expression | [142] | ||
Mouse | In utero | Both hyper- and hypomethylation at the promoter-associated CGIs | [132] | ||
Human | In utero | Positively associated with global methylation for the placenta | [143] | ||
Vinclozolin | Mouse | In utero | Decreased methylation in H19 and Gtl2; increased methylation in Peg1, Snrpn, and Peg3 | [151] | |
Rat | In utero | Altered epigenetic modification in the male germ line | [150] | ||
Rat | In utero | Altered methylation in sperm promoter epigenome of F3 generation | [152] | ||
Mouse | In utero | Epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of modifications in the mouse sperm epigenome | [124] | ||
POPs | Dioxin | Mouse | In utero | Increased methylation in Igf2r gene in muscle and liver | [175] |
Mouse | Preimplantation | Altered methylation status of imprinted genes H19 and Igf2 | [176] | ||
Diethylstilbestrol | Mouse | In utero | Increased EZH gene expression in the mammary gland | [138] | |
Mouse | In utero | Hypermethylation and long-term altered expression of the Hoxa10 gene | [177] | ||
Mouse | Neonatal | Hypomethylation in Exon-4 of c-fos | [178] | ||
Methoxychlor | Mouse | In utero | Altered methylation in H19 and Gtl2 and increased methylation in Peg1, Snrpn, and Peg3 | [151] | |
Rat | In utero | Hypermethylation in the ERβ promoter regions | [179] | ||
PBDEs | Human | Prenatal | DNA hypomethylation of Alu and LINE-1 in fetal blood | [168] | |
Human | Maternal | Hypomethylation of TNF-α in core blood | [169] | ||
Human | In utero | Hypomethylation of IGF2 and NR3C1 in placenta | |||
PFOAs | Human | Prenatal | Hypomethylation in sperm cells | ||
Human | Prenatal | Global and IGF2 hypomethylation in cord blood | |||