Table 1 Studies investigating the association between the epigenetic clock and ageing, perceived age, or longevity

[65]

Study of semi-super centenarians (SSC), from three cities.

Case-control

(Italy)

75 SSC, 106 (NS), 79% ♀;

63 SSC offspring, 72 (NS), 40% ♀;

46 controls, 70 (NS), 80% ♀

Longevity

PBMCs; 450 K

AAH IEAAH EEAA

↓ 5.1 years SSC offspring vs. controls (p = 0.0004, significant AAH and IEAAH). EEAA NS.

↓ 8.6 years SSC vs. their age (β 6.58, p = 0.03) but NS vs. offspring

[EAH assumed, r = 0.89]

Age, sex, cell %

[73]

Case-control

YFS (25 years FU)

V90+ (4 years FU)

(Finland)

YFS: 49, 15 (NS), 59.2% ♀;

44, 18 (NS), 68.2% ♀;

55, 21 (NS), 56.4% ♀;

35, 24 (NS), 60.0% ♀.

V90+: 122, 90 (NS), 73% ♀;

21 CT, aged 19–29, 66% ♀

Ageing

Blood (BL/FU); 450 K

EAH

YFS: ∆ EAH over 25 years relatively stable (r = 0.54, p < 0.001);

V90+: ↑∆ EAH over 4 years in younger versus older individuals (7 vs. 4 years, p = 0.02).

[r = 0.59–0.79, depending on sex and cohort]

Age, sex

[71]

Cohort Study

SCS, OATS, BSGS

(Australia)

275 Total, aged 34 to 103.

SCS: 23, 97.9 (1.9), 47.8% ♀;

OATS: 113, 70.4 (5.5), 61.9% ♀;

BSGS: 139, 46.6 (5.6), 52.5% ♀

Ageing

Blood; 450 K

All

No correlation between DNAmAge separate studies

SCS: ↓ AAHa but ↑ AAH compared to OATS and BSGS. No sig. between cohorts on IEAAH, IEAAHa and EEAA .

[EAH r = 0.93, EAHa r = 0.96]

None

[66]

Case-control

CRELES

(Costa Rica)

Case-control sub-sample:

48 Nicoya, age 83 (14), 57% ♀;

47 non-Nicoya, age 85 (16), 55% ♀

Longevity

Whole blood; 450 K

EAH EAHa

No ∆ EAH/EAHa between groups (Nicoyans vs. non-Nicoyans)

[EAH r = 0.86, EAHa r = 0.85]

Age