Table 1 Characteristics of infants and mothers
| Â | Control | CLO | CPO | CLP |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Infants | 436 | 92 | 84 | 132 |
 Sex, n (%) | ||||
  Female | 198 (45) | 41 (45) | 47 (56) | 37 (28) |
  Male | 238 (55) | 51 (55) | 37 (44) | 95 (72) |
 Birth weight, kg | 3.6 ± 0.6 | 3.4 ± 0.7 | 3.5 ± 0.6 | 3.6 ± 0.6 |
 Gestational age, days | 277.7 ± 11.6 | 274.8 ± 14.6 | 276.4 ± 13.8 | 278.6 ± 11.7 |
Mothers | ||||
 Age at delivery, years | 29.1 ± 4.8 | 28.9 ± 4.6 | 29.2 ± 5.0 | 29.4 ± 5.4 |
 Active smokera, n (%) | ||||
  No | 316 (72) | 47 (51) | 55 (65) | 78 (59) |
  Yes | 120 (28) | 45 (49) | 29 (35) | 54 (41) |
 Alcohol useb, n (%) | ||||
  0 | 292 (66) | 52 (56) | 56 (66) | 80 (61) |
  1–3 | 73 (17) | 19 (21) | 14 (17) | 28 (21) |
  4–6 | 26 (6) | 6 (7) | 8 (10) | 8 (6) |
  ≥ 7 | 42 (10) | 12 (13) | 6 (7) | 14 (11) |
  Missing | 3 (1) | 3 (3) | 0 (0) | 2 (1) |
 BMI (kg/m2) | 23.5 ± 3.9 | 23.5 ± 3.7 | 23.7 ± 4.8 | 23.3 ± 4.1 |
 Folic acid supplement, μgc,d, n (%) | ||||
  0 | 261 (60) | 59 (65) | 47 (56) | 94 (71) |
  1–399 | 90 (21) | 17 (18) | 19 (23) | 24 (18) |
  ≥ 400 | 85 (19) | 16 (17) | 18 (21) | 14 (11) |
 Dietary folate, μg, n (%) | ||||
  0–171 | 110 (25) | 28 (31) | 31 (37) | 41 (31) |
  172–214 | 96 (22) | 21 (23) | 21 (25) | 36 (27) |
  215–264 | 112 (26) | 16 (17) | 9 (11) | 21 (16) |
  ≥ 265 | 96 (22) | 16 (17) | 20 (24) | 25 (19) |
  Missing | 22 (5) | 11 (12) | 3 (3) | 9 (7) |
 Multivitaminsd, n (%) | ||||
  No | 277 (64) | 65 (71) | 50 (60) | 96 (73) |
  Yes | 159 (36) | 27 (29) | 34 (40) | 36 (27) |
 Education, n (%) | ||||
  Less than high school | 45 (10) | 20 (22) | 9 (11) | 24 (18) |
  High school and above | 391 (90) | 72 (78) | 75 (89) | 108 (82) |