Table 4 Effects of Epi-drugs on autoimmune disorders discussed in this review

SLE, SSc, SS

Azacytidine

(5-AZA)

FDA approved, 2004

DNMTi

LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18)

ITGAL, IL-6, Wnt pathway, SFRP-1, Dickkoft-1, KRT19, cytokeratin-19 protein

[56, 103, 121]

SLE

Procainamide

DNMT1i

CD70, LFA-1, IL-6

[56, 59]

SLE

Hydralazine

DNMTi

CD70 and other costimulatory proteins

[56, 59]

SLE, T1D

Trichostatin A (TSA)

Pan HDACi

Acid nuclear transport proteins, cytoskeleton proteins,

IFN-γ production, transcription activity of Tbx21 in T lymphocytes

[67, 159]

SLE

Vorinostat

(SAHA)

FDA approved, 2006

Pan HDACi

Acid nuclear transport proteins, cytoskeleton proteins

[67]

RA

Givinostat (ITF2357)

Pan

HDACi

Arthritic components, T cells

[86]

RA

Largazole

Class I HDACi

ICAM-1, VCAM-1, MMP2, TNFα, p38, AKT pathway

[89]

RA

Romidepsin

(FK228, Depsipeptide)

FDA approved, 2009

Class I

HDACi

TNFα, IL-1β, p16LNK4a, p21 (WAF1/Cip1)

[84]

RA

MI192

HDAC2/3 inhibitor

IL6

[81]