Table 4 Effects of Epi-drugs on autoimmune disorders discussed in this review
From: The emerging role of epigenetics in human autoimmune disorders
| Autoimmune disorder | Epi-drug | Chemical structure | Target specificity | Autoimmune pathways involved | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SLE, SSc, SS |
Azacytidine (5-AZA) FDA approved, 2004 |
| DNMTi |
LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18) ITGAL, IL-6, Wnt pathway, SFRP-1, Dickkoft-1, KRT19, cytokeratin-19 protein | [56, 103, 121] |
| SLE | Procainamide |
| DNMT1i | CD70, LFA-1, IL-6 | [56, 59] |
| SLE | Hydralazine |
| DNMTi | CD70 and other costimulatory proteins | [56, 59] |
| SLE, T1D | Trichostatin A (TSA) |
| Pan HDACi |
Acid nuclear transport proteins, cytoskeleton proteins, IFN-γ production, transcription activity of Tbx21 in T lymphocytes | [67, 159] |
| SLE |
Vorinostat (SAHA) FDA approved, 2006 |
| Pan HDACi | Acid nuclear transport proteins, cytoskeleton proteins | [67] |
| RA | Givinostat (ITF2357) |
|
Pan HDACi | Arthritic components, T cells | [86] |
| RA | Largazole |
| Class I HDACi | ICAM-1, VCAM-1, MMP2, TNFα, p38, AKT pathway | [89] |
| RA |
Romidepsin (FK228, Depsipeptide) FDA approved, 2009 |
|
Class I HDACi | TNFα, IL-1β, p16LNK4a, p21 (WAF1/Cip1) | [84] |
| RA | MI192 |
| HDAC2/3 inhibitor | IL6 | [81] |