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Table 1 Most relevant autoimmune diseases with known autoantigen targets

From: The emerging role of epigenetics in human autoimmune disorders

Systemic autoimmune diseases

 Disease

Organ

Autoantigens

Mechanism of damage

Worldwide prevalence (%)

Ref.

 Rheumatoid arthritis

Joints, lung, heart, etc.

IgG, filaggrin, fibrin etc.

T cell in joint/antibody

0.8

[33,34,35, 72,73,74]

 Systemic lupus

Skin, joints, kidneys, brain, lungs, heart, others

Nuclear antigens (DNA, histones, ribonucleoproteins), others

Antibody

0.1

[33,34,35, 49, 50]

 Polymyositis/dermatomyositis

Skeletal muscle (predominant), lungs, heart, joints, others

Muscle antigens, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, other nuclear antigens

T cell/antibody

< 0.01

[33,34,35,36, 95]

 Systemic sclerosis

Lungs, river, kidneys, heart, skin, etc.

Dermal fibroblast antigens, fibrillarin-1, metalloproteinases, etc.

Antibody

0.3

[33,34,35, 94, 95]

 Sjogren’s syndrome

Connective tissue, salivary gland, lungs, bowel, etc.

Nuclear antigens, carbonic anhydrase I (CA-I), profiling

T cell/Antibody

0.1–0.6

[33,34,35, 115, 116]

Organ-specific autoimmune diseases

 Disease

Organ

Autoantigens

Mechanism of damage

Prevalence (%)

Ref.

 Thyroiditis (autoimmune)

Thyroid

Thyroglobulin, thyroid peroxidase

T cell/antibody

1.0–2.0

[33, 35, 130,131,132,133,134]

 Gastritis

Stomach

H+/K+ ATPase, intrinsic factor

T cell/antibody

1–2 in > 60 years old

[33, 35]

 Celiac disease

Small bowel

Transglutaminase

T cell/antibody

0.2–1.1

[33, 35]

 Graves’ disease

Thyroid

Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor

Antibody

0.2–1.1

[33, 35, 130, 131]

 Vitiligo

Melanocytes

Tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-2

T cell/antibody

0.4

[33, 35]

 Type 1 diabetes

Pancreas β cells

Insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase

T cell

0.2–0.4

[33, 35, 149,150,151,152]

 Multiple sclerosis

Brain, spinal cord

Myelin basic protein, proteolipid protein

T cell

0.01–0.15

[33, 35]

 Hepatitis (autoimmune)

Liver

Hepatocyte antigens (cytochrome P450)

T cell/antibody

< 0.01

[33, 35]

 Myasthenia gravis

Muscle

Acetylcholine receptor

Antibody

< 0.01

[33, 35]

 Primary biliary cirrhosis

Liver bile ducts

2-oxoacid dehydrogenase complexes

T cell/antibody

< 0.01

[33, 35]

 Pemphigus

Skin

Desmogleins

Antibody

< 0.01–> 3.0

[33, 35]