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Table 1 Summary of respiratory function-specific epigenetic changes in the offspring categorised by exposure

From: Epigenetic impacts of maternal tobacco and e-vapour exposure on the offspring lung

Epigenetic changes induced by MTS

 Altered global DNA methylation

Whole blood, cord blood, placenta [89,90,91,92,93]

 Genes associated with foetal growth—LINE-1, AluYb8, IGF2DMR, Igf1R, Igf2—differentially methylated

Placenta, cord WBC, cord blood, murine lung [95, 102, 103, 109, 110]

 COPD candidate gene in GWAS, DPP10, hypomethylated

Foetal lung [104,105,106]

 Genes associated with detoxification of tobacco smoke, CYP1A1 and AHRR, show altered methylation

Placenta, cord blood [91, 107]

 miRNA involved in transcription of Igf1 upregulated

Murine lung [86]

Epigenetic changes induced by METS

 IL-4 and IL-13 hypomethylated at promoter region

Murine lung [118]

 miR-155-5p, miR-21-3p and miR-18a-5p positively correlate with Th2 cytokines

Murine lung [118]

Epigenetic changes induced by MEV

 Global DNA hypermethylation

Murine lung [130]