Table 1 The clinical characteristics of the study population (second and third trimester mothers and neonates of the third trimester mothers)

Characteristic

Healthy control group (n = 40)

Gestational diabetes mellitus group (n = 40)

P value^a

Age, year

29.88 ± 3.77

31.80 ± 3.99s

0.427

High school education or lower, % (n)

28 (70)

26 (65)

0.633

Gestational age, weeks

24.20 ± 2.34

23.97 ± 2.45

0.900

Height, cm

160.58 ± 3.89

160.92 ± 5.40

0.792

Mid-pregnancy weight, kg

59.92 ± 11.69

64.96 ± 7.69

0.156

History of abortion, % (n)

13 (33)

14 (35)

0.813

Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m²

22.14 ± 2.26

23.30 ± 2.51

0.075

Mid-pregnancy BMI, kg/m²

23.13 ± 3.18

25.14 ± 2.50

0.014*

Third trimester

Healthy control group (n = 65)

Gestational diabetes mellitus group (n = 65)

P value^a

Age, year

29.06 ± 3.66

30.04 ± 3.67

0.244

High school education or lower, % (n)

40 (62)

47 (72)

0.192

Gestational age, weeks

38.54 ± 1.98

38.09 ± 2.68

0.276

Height, cm

160.63 ± 4.84

160.09 ± 4.72

0.255

Late-pregnancy weight, kg

67.37 ± 8.27

69.47 ± 7.73

0.141

Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m²

21.25 ± 3.10

21.50 ± 2.54

0.274

Late-pregnancy BMI, kg/m²

26.08 ± 2.84

27.22 ± 2.74

0.022*

Gravidity

2.22 ± 1.45

2.31 ± 1.52

0.869

Parity

0.48 ± 0.59

0.40 ± 0.52

0.512

 Cesarean

26 (40)

30 (46)

0.479

 Vaginal

39 (60)

35 (54)

History of abortion % (n)

8 (12)

9 (14)

0.795

Neonatal birth weight, kg

3.31 ± 0.44

3.38 ± 0.41

0.301

 1 min

8.95 ± 0.29

8.82 ± 0.72

0.329

 10 min

9.98 ± 0.13

9.95 ± 0.22

0.311

Macrosomia and premature infants, % (n)

5 (7.7)

8 (12.3)

0.380

Neonatal hypoglycemia, % (n)

1 (1.5)

8 (12.3)

0.016*

Fetal distress, % (n)

1 (1.5)

4 (6.2)

0.171