Table 1 General and specific characteristics of study participants and relations with maternal blood adiponectin at delivery
NGT | GDM | P value* | Spearman’s r vs. MB adiponectin | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
r (P value*) | ||||
n | 30 | 25 | ||
Maternal | ||||
Age (years) | 32.5 ± 1.0 | 32.4 ± 0.9 | 0.919 | 0.17 (0.210) |
Ethnic origin—n (%) | 1.000 | n.a. | ||
European | 20 (66.7) | 16 (64.0) | ||
Non-European | 10 (33.3) | 9 (36.0) | ||
Socio-economic status—n (%)† | 0.215 | n.a. | ||
Lower SES category | 21 (84.0) | 20 (66.7) | ||
Higher SES category | 4 (16.0) | 10 (33.3) | ||
Smoking in pregnancy (any)—n (%) | 7 (23.3) | 3 (12.0) | 0.318 | n.a. |
Nulliparous—n (%) | 4 (13.3) | 4 (16.0) | 1.000 | n.a. |
Height (cm) | 167.0 ± 1.2 | 164.6 ± 1.3 | 0.246 | 0.23 (0.100) |
Prepregnancy weight (kg) | 73.7 ± 3.9 | 77.7 ± 3.8 | 0.257 | − 0.22 (0.114) |
Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 26.4 ± 1.3 | 28.6 ± 1.3 | 0.105 | − 0.31 (0.021) |
Total GWG (kg) | 17.2 ± 1.2 | 14.4 ± 1.4 | 0.127 | 0.03 (0.848) |
Net GWG (kg) | 13.9 ± 1.2 | 9.9 ± 1.4 | 0.028 | 0.14 (0.363) |
BMI at delivery (kg/m2) | 32.5 ± 1.5 | 34.0 ± 1.2 | 0.124 | − 0.31 (0.023) |
Blood glucose at oGTT (mg/dL) | ||||
Fasting | 79.5 ± 1.7 | 99.0 ± 5.4 | < 0.001 | − 0.26 (0.086) |
1 h | 120.9 ± 6.3 | 207.0 ± 7.2 | < 0.001 | − 0.30 (0.041) |
2 h | 90.3 ± 4.2 | 161.4 ± 9.7 | < 0.001 | − 0.18 (0.243) |
Area under the curve (mg/dL h) | 205.8 ± 8.2 | 337.3 ± 13.5 | < 0.001 | − 0.28 (0.058) |
Gestational age at delivery (weeks) | 38.3 ± 0.1 | 37.8 ± 0.2 | 0.028 | 0.03 (0.841) |
Mode of delivery—n (%) | 1.000 | n.a. | ||
Primary cesarean section | 9 (30.0) | 7 (28.0) | ||
Repeat cesarean section | 21 (70.0) | 18 (72.0) | ||
Maternal fasting plasma levels at delivery | ||||
Adiponectin (μg/mL)‡ | 9.9 ± 0.8 | 6.7 ± 0.5 | 0.002 | n.a. |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 72.5 ± 2.0 | 85.0 ± 1.2 | < 0.001 | − 0.37 (0.007) |
Insulin (μU/mL) | 22.3 ± 2.7 | 40.1 ± 8.2 | 0.217 | − 0.33 (0.014) |
HOMA-IR | 3.6 ± 0.3 | 8.3 ± 1.7 | 0.037 | − 0.36 (0.009) |
C-peptide (ng/mL) | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 4.9 ± 0.7 | < 0.001 | − 0.53 (< 0.001) |
Leptin (ng/mL) | 28.9 ± 3.5 | 18.0 ± 2.6 | 0.017 | 0.04 (0.772) |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 2.4 ± 0.1 | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 0.554 | 0.11 (0.413) |
Birth outcome/newborn | ||||
Female sex—n (%) | 18 (60.0) | 11 (44.0) | 0.285 | n.a. |
Placental weight (g) | 658.7 ± 28.4 | 612.5 ± 37.8 | 0.337 | − 0.15 (0.328) |
Birth weight (g) | 3368 ± 87 | 3578 ± 82 | 0.038 | − 0.22 (0.113) |
Birth length (cm) | 51.1 ± 0.5 | 50.9 ± 0.3 | 0.890 | − 0.03 (0.858) |
Relative birth weight (g/cm) | 65.8 ± 1.3 | 70.3 ± 1.5 | 0.022 | − 0.23 (0.098) |
Macrosomia—n (%) | 3 (10.0) | 4 (16.0) | 0.689 | n.a. |
LGA—n (%) | 3 (10.0) | 9 (36.0) | 0.026 | n.a. |
Hypoglycemia—n (%) | 1 (3.6) | 6 (24.0) | 0.043 | n.a. |
Cord blood plasma levels | ||||
Adiponectin (μg/mL) | 25.8 ± 1.6 | 28.5 ± 2.4 | 0.488 | 0.18 (0.182) |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 61.6 ± 2.0 | 72.0 ± 1.9 | 0.001 | − 0.33 (0.015) |
Insulin (μU/mL) | 19.2 ± 2.0 | 26.9 ± 2.9 | 0.042 | − 0.13 (0.366) |
HOMA-IR | 3.1 ± 0.4 | 5.0 ± 0.6 | 0.003 | − 0.22 (0.117) |
C-peptide (ng/mL) | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.6 ± 0.1 | < 0.001 | − 0.31 (0.023) |
Leptin (ng/mL) | 10.8 ± 1.7 | 15.2 ± 2.6 | 0.247 | − 0.21 (0.130) |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.8 ± 0.1 | < 0.001 | −0.40 (0.003) |