Table 1 Characteristics of the sample
Child characteristics at birth: | N | Mean/N | SD/% | Range |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Sex (boys) | 239 | 116 | 48.5 |  |
 Length of gestation (weeks) | 239 | 40.0 | 1.3 | 35.6–42.4 |
 Birth weight (g) | 239 | 3571 | 472 | 1890–4995 |
 Birth length (cm) | 239 | 50.3 | 1.9 | 43.0–55.0 |
 Birth order | 239 |  |  |  |
  First |  | 136 | 56.9 |  |
  Second or later |  | 103 | 43.1 |  |
Child characteristics in adolescence: | ||||
 Chronological age (years) | 239 | 12.4 | 0.5 | 11.1–13.2 |
 DNA methylation age (years) | 239 | 12.1 | 3.1 | 5.4–22.5 |
 Weight (kg) | 238 | 48.7 | 10.8 | 23.2–91.1 |
 Weight-for-age (SD) | 238 | 0.3 | 1.0 | − 3.6 – 3.0 |
 Height (cm) | 238 | 156.2 | 7.5 | 134.5–177.0 |
 Height-for-age (SD) | 238 | 0.2 | 1.0 | − 2.7 – 2.5 |
 Body mass index (kg/m2) | 238 | 19.8 | 3.44 | 12.8–34.5 |
 Body-mass-index-for-age (SD) | 238 | 0.3 | 1.0 | − 3.1 – 2.7 |
 Target height (SD) | 238 | 173.4 | 7.6 | 153.9–191.7 |
 Mid-parental target height (SD) minus height-for-age (SD) | 238 | 0.5 | 1.0 | − 1.9 – 3.5 |
Tanner Staging Questionnaire | ||||
  Pubic hair development | 233 |  |  |  |
   I |  | 50 | 21.5 |  |
   II |  | 83 | 35.6 |  |
   III |  | 71 | 30.5 |  |
   IV |  | 29 | 12.4 |  |
  Breast/genitalia development | 234 |  |  |  |
   I |  | 18 | 7.7 |  |
   II |  | 81 | 34.6 |  |
   III |  | 83 | 35.5 |  |
   IV |  | 52 | 22.2 |  |
Pubertal development scale | 236 | Â | Â | Â |
 No development |  | 139 | 58.9 |  |
 Development barely begun |  | 74 | 31.4 |  |
 Development definitely under way |  | 23 | 9.7 |  |
Diurnal salivary cortisol | ||||
 ln(upon awakening) | 218 | 1.7 | 0.6 | − 1.7 – 3.6 |
 ln(awakening response) | 218 | 0.4 | 0.7 | − 0.9 – 6.3 |
 ln(Nadir) | 218 | − 0.9 | 0.9 | − 2.3 – 1.8 |
 ln(response to dexamethasone suppression test) | 213 | 0.4 | 0.8 | −v5.2 – 3.0 |
Psychiatric problems (> 82nd percentile borderline clinically significant problems) | 222 |  |  |  |
 Total behavior problems |  | 38 | 17.1 |  |
 Internalizing problems |  | 18 | 8.1 |  |
 Externalizing problems |  | 25 | 11.3 |  |
Intelligence quotient, estimated (M = 100; SD = 15)* | ||||
 General | 235 | 105.8 | 14.8 | 57–140 |
 Verbal | 236 | 111.4 | 17.2 | 57–153 |
 Performance | 237 | 100.9 | 19.7 | 42–141 |
Maternal characteristics: | ||||
 Age at delivery (years) | 239 | 30.4 | 4.4 | 20.0–43.0 |
 Weight at delivery (kg) | 237 | 63.4 | 9.9 | 45.0–98.0 |
 Height (cm) | 239 | 166.8 | 5.5 | 151.0–180.0 |
 Body mass index at delivery (kg/m2) | 237 | 22.8 | 3.5 | 16.5–36.0 |
 Mode of delivery | 239 |  |  |  |
  Vaginal |  | 214 | 89.5 |  |
  Cesarean |  | 25 | 10.5 |  |
Alcohol consumption during pregnancy | 239 | Â | Â | Â |
  No |  | 199 | 83.3 |  |
  Yes |  | 40 | 16.7 |  |
Smoking during pregnancy | 239 | Â | Â | Â |
  No |  | 217 | 90.8 |  |
  Yes |  | 22 | 9.2 |  |
Consumption of glycyrrhizin in licorice during pregnancy | 239 | Â | Â | Â |
  Low (0–249 mg/week) |  | 174 | 72.8 |  |
  Medium (250–499 mg/week) |  | 33 | 13.8 |  |
  High (≥ 500 mg/week) |  | 32 | 13.4 |  |
Age at menarche (years) | 228 | Â | Â | Â |
  Mothers of girls | 120 | 12.69 | 1.39 | 9.0–16.0 |
  Mothers of boys | 108 | 12.70 | 1.19 | 10.0–16.0 |
Paternal/parental characteristics: | ||||
 Paternal height (cm) | 236 | 180.07 | 6.38 | 157.00–200.00 |
 Highest educational level of either parent at child’s adolescence follow-up | 239 |  |  |  |
  Secondary or less |  | 25 | 10.5 |  |
  Vocational |  | 59 | 24.7 |  |
  University degree |  | 155 | 64.9 |  |