Table 1 Individual CpG sites in metformin transporter genes that exhibit differential DNA methylation in human liver according to diabetes medication and non-diabetic subjects (n = 93)

6

160541976

52.0 ± 0.8

56.0 ± 3.5

48.8 ± 1.3^a

56.2 ± 1.9^{a, b}

0.010

0.022

6

160542711

41.7 ± 0.7

43.2 ± 3.3

38.9 ± 1.2

46.3 ± 1.7^{a, b}

0.009

0.022

6

160542732

40.3 ± 0.5

44.5 ± 2.3^b

39.5 ± 0.9

47.3 ± 1.2^{a, b}

<0.0001

< 0.0001

6

160542770

36.6 ± 0.5

39.5 ± 2.1

35.2 ± 0.8

40.7 ± 1.1^{a, b}

0.002

0.013

6

160542944

35.5 ± 0.4

36.5 ± 2.0

34.3 ± 0.7

39.0 ± 1.1^{a, b}

0.007

0.022

6

160543261

43.2 ± 0.6

46.9 ± 2.9

42.1 ± 1.2

48.4 ± 1.5^{a, b}

0.008

0.022

56.5 ± 0.2

58.8 ± 1.1^{a, b}

55.7 ± 0.4

58.8 ± 0.6^{a, b}

0.0002

42.7 ± 0.5

45.8 ± 2.3^b

40.6 ± 0.8^a

47.6 ± 1.2^{a, b}

0.0001

6

160769114

8.3 ± 0.2

9.1 ± 0.9

7.9 ± 0.3

9.7 ± 0.5^{a, b}

0.033

0.138

6

160768801

42.9 ± 0.6

48.2 ± 2.8

42.9 ± 1.0

47.8 ± 1.5^{a, b}

0.014

0.107

6

160771074

40.7 ± 0.5

44.3 ± 2.5

39.6 ± 10.9

44.8 ± 1.3^{a, b}

0.012

0.107

6

160771574

77.3 ± 1.4

91.9 ± 6.4^{a, b}

77.3 ± 2.4

85.9 ± 3.4^{a, b}

0.033

0.138

6

160815734

45.1 ± 0.6

52.0 ± 2.7^{a, b}

42.3 ± 1.0^a

49.2 ± 1.4^{a, b}

0.0002

0.005

6

16086035

91.3 ± 0.3

89.6 ± 1.3

90.9 ± 0.5

89.0 ± 0.7^{a, b}

0.036

0.138

56.0 ± 0.2

57.9 ± 0.8^{a, b}

55.7 ± 0.3

56.9 ± 0.4^b

0.033

31.2 ± 0.2

32.8 ± 0.9^b

30.8 ± 0.3

32.6 ± 0.5^{a, b}

0.013

17

19435805

31.7 ± 0.7

38.5 ± 3.0^{a, b}

30.6 ± 1.1

39.7 ± 1.6^{a, b}

0.0001

0.001

17

19436896

7.4 ± 0.2

8.0 ± 1.1

6.3 ± 0.4^a

8.5 ± 0.6^b

0.019

0.057

17

19436900

10.1 ± 0.3

11.2 ± 1.5

8.6 ± 0.5^a

12.0 ± 0.8^{a, b}

0.007

0.028

17

19437003

3.7 ± 0.7

3.7 ± 0.3

3.8 ± 0.1

4.4 ± 0.2^{a, b}

0.007

0.028

17

19437013

3.8 ± 0.1

4.7 ± 0.4

3.8 ± 0.2

5.2 ± 0.2^{a, b}

<0.0001

< 0.0001

17

19437691

7.7 ± 0.2

9.2 ± 0.9^b

6.7 ± 0.3^a

9.1 ± 0.5^{a, b}

0.0009

0.007

17

19437889

12.7 ± 0.2

11.9 ± 1.1

12.7 ± 0.4

10.8 ± 0.6^{a, b}

0.033

0.086

17

19450271

9.9 ± 0.2

10.5 ± 1.2

9.8 ± 0.4

12.1 ± 0.6^{a, b}

0.018

0.057

17

19451180

84.0 ± 0.4

83.3 ± 1.8

81.7 ± 0.7^a

83.0 ± 0.9

0.036

0.086

17

19482275

64.2 ± 0.8

67.0 ± 3.6

62.8 ± 1.3

71.9 ± 1.9^{a, b}

0.002

0.011

33.1 ± 0.1

34.0 ± 0.6^b

32.7 ± 0.2

34.5 ± 0.3^{a, b}

0.0001

12.2 ± 0.2

13.2 ± 0.8

11.6 ± 0.3

14.3 ± 0.4^{a, b}

<0.0001