From: Cord blood DNA methylation and adiposity measures in early and mid-childhood
 | Total | Girls | Boys |
---|---|---|---|
n = 478 | n = 229 | n = 249 | |
Mean (SD) or N (%) | |||
Mother | |||
 Maternal age at enrollment, years | 32.1 (5.3) | 32.6 (4.9) | 31.6 (5.6) |
 Nulliparous: N (%) | |||
  No | 257 (53.8) | 123 (53.7) | 134 (53.8) |
  Yes | 221 (46.2) | 106 (46.3) | 115 (46.2) |
 College graduate: N (%) | |||
  No | 160 (33.5) | 75 (32.8) | 85 (34.1) |
  Yes | 318 (66.5) | 154 (67.2) | 164 (65.9) |
 Smoking status: N (%) | |||
  Never | 325 (68.0) | 161 (70.3) | 164 (65.9) |
  Former | 100 (20.9) | 50 (21.8) | 50 (20.1) |
  During pregnancy | 53 (11.1) | 18 (7.9) | 35 (14.1) |
Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 24.8 (5.3) | 24.3 (5.0) | 25.2 (5.6) |
Gestational weight gain, kg | 15.5 (5.5) | 15.1 (5.3) | 15.8 (5.6) |
Folate mean, μg | 1071 (334) | 1097 (313) | 1046 (351) |
Vitamin B12 mean, μg | 10.2 (4.5) | 10.3 (4.5) | 10.2 (4.6) |
Child | |||
 Race/ethnicity: N (%) | |||
  Black | 60 (12.6) | 27 (11.8) | 33 (13.3) |
  Hispanic | 25 (5.2) | 9 (3.9) | 16 (6.4) |
  White | 322 (67.4) | 162 (70.7) | 160 (64.3) |
  Other | 71 (14.9) | 31 (13.5) | 40 (16.1) |
Gestation length, weeks | 39.7 (1.6) | 39.8 (1.6) | 39.6 (1.7) |
  Early childhood visit | |||
  Age, years: median (IQR) | 3.2 (3.1–3.3) | 3.1 (3.1–3.3) | 3.2 (3.1–3.3) |
  BMI z-score: median (IQR) | 0.45 (− 0.26 - 1.10) | 0.39 (− 0.23 - 1.08) | 0.49 (− 0.29 - 1.11) |
  Waist circumference, cm: median (IQR) | 50.8 (48.6–53.3) | 50.6 (48.5–53.4) | 51.0 (48.6–53.0) |
  SS + TR, mm: median (IQR) | 16.0 (13.6–18.8) | 17.0 (14.4–20.0) | 15.2 (13.4–17.8) |
  SS:TR ratio: median (IQR) | 0.61 (0.53–0.72) | 0.63 (0.51–0.73) | 0.60 (0.54–0.72) |
  Mid-childhood visit | |||
  Age, years: median (IQR) | 7.7 (7.3–8.3) | 7.6 (7.3–8.2) | 7.7 (7.3–8.4) |
  Waist circumference, cm: median (IQR) | 57.7 (54.3–62.1) | 57.6 (53.9–62.5) | 57.7 (55.0–61.9) |
  SS + TR, mm: median (IQR) | 16.4 (13.2–21.4) | 17.8 (14.2–22.8) | 15.2 (12.8–19.6) |
  SS:TR ratio: median (IQR) | 0.65 (0.56–0.79) | 0.64 (0.55–0.79) | 0.66 (0.57–0.78) |
  DXA total fat mass index, kg/m2: median (IQR) | 3.8 (3.1–5.0) | 4.2 (3.4–5.5) | 3.5 (2.9–4.6) |
  DXA fat-free mass index, kg/m2: median (IQR) | 12.7 (12.0–13.8) | 12.4 (11.5–13.3) | 13.3 (12.5–14.0) |
  DXA truncal fat mass index, kg/m2: median (IQR) | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 1.3 (1.0–1.9) | 1.0 (0.9–1.5) |
  DXA total percent fat: median (IQR) | 23.0 (19.9–27.6) | 25.8 (21.8–29.6) | 21.2 (18.6–25.4) |