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Fig. 3 | Clinical Epigenetics

Fig. 3

From: The immunomodulatory anticancer agent, RRx-001, induces an interferon response through epigenetic induction of viral mimicry

Fig. 3

RRx-001 induced IFN response through upregulation of type I and III IFN expression and JAK/STAT pathway. Cells were transiently (24 h) treated with 0.5 μM RRx-001 or 0.5 μM 5-AZA and subsequently maintained in drug-free medium for an additional 7 days. RRx-001 induced a significant increase in type I IFN (IFN-β) (a) and type III IFN (IL-29/IL-28B) (b) secretion into culture medium by HCT 116 cells as measured by ELISA. Transcript levels of IL29/IL28A were also increased as determined by qPCR (c). ISGs (IFI27, IFi44, IFI44L, and IFI6) were upregulated by 5-AZA and RRx-001 but blocked by the JAK/STAT inhibitor ruxolitinib (rux) at 2 μM concentration (d). Expression of ISGs (IRF7, ISG15, DDX58, and OASL) was also upregulated in HCT 116 cells cultured in conditioned medium containing secreted IFNs induced by 5-AZA and RRx-001 as determined by qPCR (e)

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