Fig. 1

Methylation distribution at baseline by smoking status and lung cancer status. a, b Present methylation levels of AHRR_cg05575921, 6p21.33_cg06126421, and F2RL3_cg03636183 among current, former, and never smokers at baseline, respectively, in the training and validation set. c, d Present methylation levels of AHRR_cg05575921, 6p21.33_cg06126421, and F2RL3_cg03636183 among lung cancer cases and controls, respectively, in the training set and validation set. e, f Illustrate distribution of lung cancer cases inside and outside the first quartile of methylation among controls at AHRR_cg05575921, 6p21.33_cg06126421, and F2RL3_cg03636183, respectively, in the training and validation set