Fig. 5

Grandmaternal vitamin D deficiency perturbs DNA methylation at imprinted regions in adult G₂ male soma (liver) and germline (sperm). a, b Bar graphs depict average DNA methylation across samples in the respective treatment group assayed in adult G₂ liver (a) and sperm (b) for each sample analyzed (in order from left to right, N = 10, 8, 10, 10 for all loci except Grb10 N = 10, 7, 9, 9). For each sample, the average methylation for all CpGs assayed across the locus is represented as a dot within the bar graph (see the “Methods” section). DMR differentially methylated region, Cbs CTCF binding site, ICR imprinted control region. Median values are indicated and linked by a horizontal line between box and whisker plots. Asterisks (*) or (**) indicate p value <0.05 or 0.01 determined by t test within each cross; panel above each graph lists all statistically significant (p value <0.05) comparisons determined by regression analysis for overall diet-dependent effects (diet), diet-independent grandparent of origin effects (GPO), and diet-dependent grandparent of origin effects (diet × GPO). n.s. not significant