Table 2 Descriptive data of the mother/child pairs grouped according to the degree of placental DNA methylation

Maternal age, years

29.9 ± 6.0

30.3 ± 5.5

0.407

Ethnicity (Caucasian, non-Caucasian), %

94.3/5.7

90.3/9.7

0.037

Maternal height, cm

167.0 ± 6.9

166.5 ± 7.3

0.365

Body mass index before pregnancy, kg/m²

23.2 ± 4.5

22.8 ± 4.4

0.094

Body mass index 3rd trimester, kg/m²

27.6 ± 4.5

27.4 ± 4.3

0.801

Hypertension before/during pregnancy, %

2.0/3.5

3.4/4.9

0.200/0.443

Diabetes mellitus during pregnancy, %

4.1

10.7

0.0002

Diabetes in family, %

38.1

38.2

0.964

Mean systolic blood pressure 3rd trimester, mmHg

116.4 ± 11.0

115.3 ± 11.5

0.202

Mean diastolic blood pressure 3rd trimester, mmHg

70.4 ± 7.5

70.0 ± 7.5

0.491

Smoking before/during pregnancy, %

35.4/13.3

34.6/14.7

0.828/0.635

Placental DNA methylation, %

2.84 ± 0.32

3.71 ± 0.34

<0.0001

Parity number <2/≥2, %

76.1/23.9

73.8/26.2

0.481

s/p 2 or more miscarriages, %

6.3

7.3

0.613

twin gestations, %

1.8

3.4

0.161

Gestational age at delivery, weeks

38.7 ± 2.1

38.8 ± 1.8

0.989

Preterm birth (<37 weeks), %

10.3

10.3

0.983

Birth weight, g

3334.8 ± 628.3

3358.5 ± 661.4

0.634

AGA/SGA/LGA, %

78.8/13.0/8.2

73.0/12.7/14.2

0.028

Birth lenght, cm

50.6 ± 3.1

50.5 ± 3.6

0.951

Child head circumference, cm

34.7 ± 1.7

34.6 ± 1.7

0.436

Ponderal index, kg/m3

25.5 ± 2.5

25.5 ± 2.7

0.943

Mode of delivery (spontaneous, OVD, c-section; %)

66.2/8.1/25.8

70.1/5.2/24.7

0.387

Child sex, male/female, %

52.3/47.7

49.8/50.2

0.522

Apgar score at 5 min

9.3 ± 1.0

9.2 ± 1.1

0.084

Apgar score at 10 min

9.6 ± 0.7

9.5 ± 0.8

0.011

Maternal HbA1c, m

43 ± 7.7

45 ± 8.7

0.257