Table 1 Descriptive data of all mother/child pairs and grouped according to GDM
From: Increased global placental DNA methylation levels are associated with gestational diabetes
Maternal characteristics | All mothers (n = 1030) | Presence of GDM | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
No GDM (n = 974) | GDM (n = 56) | p valuea | ||
Maternal age, years | 30.0 ± 5.9 | 29.8 ± 5.9 | 31.9 ± 5.1 | 0.011 |
Ethnicity (Caucasian, non-Caucasian), % | 93.5/6.5 | 93.5/6.5 | 92.9/7.1 | 0.842 |
Maternal height, cm | 166.9 ± 7.0 | 167.0 ± 6.9 | 166.4 ± 8.4 | 0.637 |
Body mass index before pregnancy, kg/m2 | 23.1 ± 4.5 | 23.0 ± 4.4 | 24.8 ± 5.8 | 0.027 |
Body mass index 3rd trimester, kg/m2 | 27.6 ± 4.5 | 27.5 ± 4.4 | 29.6 ± 5.3 | 0.005 |
Hypertension before/during pregnancy, % | 2.3/3.8 | 2.3/3.6 | 1.8/7.1 | 0.809/0.331 |
Diabetes mellitus before/during pregnancy, % | 0.0/5.4 | 0.0/0.0 | 0.0/100.0 | – |
Diabetes in family, % | 38.1 | 37.7 | 44.6 | 0.300 |
Mean systolic blood pressure 3rd trimester, mmHg | 116.2 ± 11.1 | 116.3 ± 11.1 | 114.1 ± 10.9 | 0.159 |
Mean diastolic blood pressure 3rd trimester, mmHg | 70.3 ± 7.5 | 70.4 ± 7.5 | 69.4 ± 8.4 | 0.345 |
Smoking before/during pregnancy, % | 35.3/13.6 | 35.5/13.7 | 32.1/12.5 | 0.613/0.801 |
Placental DNA methylation, % | 3.01 ± 0.48 | 3.00 ± 0.46 | 3.22 ± 0.63 | 0.013 |
Parity number ≤1/≥2, % | 75.7/24.3 | 75.9/24.1 | 72.2/27.8 | 0.545 |
s/p 2 or more miscarriages, % | 6.5 | 6.4 | 8.9 | 0.449 |
Twin gestations, % | 2.1 | 2.1 | 3.6 | 0.445 |
Gestational age at delivery, weeks | 38.7 ± 2.1 | 38.7 ± 2.1 | 38.4 ± 1.8 | 0.056 |
Preterm birth (<37 weeks), % | 10.3 | 10.4 | 8.9 | 0.728 |
Birth weight, g | 3339.6 ± 634.8 | 3329.8 ± 627.1 | 3509.6 ± 742.5 | 0.039 |
AGA/SGA/LGA, % | 77.7/13.0/9.4 | 78.6/12.9/8.6 | 62.5/14.3/23.2 | 0.001 |
Birth length, cm | 50.6 ± 3.2 | 50.6 ± 3.1 | 50.3 ± 5.0 | 0.626 |
Child head circumference, cm | 34.7 ± 1.7 | 34.7 ± 1.7 | 34.6 ± 1.8 | 0.719 |
Ponderal index, kg/m3 | 25.5 ± 2.5 | 25.4 ± 2.5 | 26.5 ± 3.0 | 0.002 |
Mode of delivery (spontaneous, OVD, c-section; %) | 67.1/7.4/25.5 | 67.9/7.7/24.4 | 56.4/3.6/40.0 | 0.030 |
Child sex, male/female, % | 51.7/48.3 | 51.6/48.4 | 53.6/46.4 | 0.780 |
Apgar score at 5 min | 9.3 ± 1.0 | 9.3 ± 1.0 | 9.3 ± 0.9 | 0.996 |
Apgar score at 10 min | 9.6 ± 0.8 | 9.6 ± 0.8 | 9.5 ± 0.7 | 0.137 |
Maternal HbA1c, % | 6.1 ± 0.7 | 58 ± 3.3 | 42 ± 6.6 | <0.0001 |