PPARGC1α gene DNA methylation variations in human placenta mediate the link between maternal hyperglycemia and leptin levels in newborns

Table 3 Placental DNA methylation levels (%) according to maternal GDM—E-21 birth cohort

DNA methylation levels^a	NGT mother	GDM mother	p
	n = 100	n = 33
PRDM16-CpG1	29.4 ± 14.1	26.9 ± 9.2	0.93
PRDM16-CpG2	33.7 ± 13.9	29.2 ± 14.7	0.12
PRDM16-CpG3	43.8 ± 13.7	38.8 ± 15.6	0.08
PRDM16-CpG4	23.5 ± 10.4	22.2 ± 13.0	0.24
Mean BMP7	29.9 ± 6.9	27.4 ± 4.8	0.03
Mean CTBP2	13.8 ± 1.4	13.7 ± 2.4	0.54
MeanPPARGC1α-CpG1,2^{b, c}	12.1 ± 8.2	10.4 ± 5.7	0.78
PPARGC1α-CpG3	46.7 ± 15.0	49.8 ± 13.9	0.17
PPARGC1α-CpG4	51.0 ± 12.5	55.2 ± 13.5	0.09

^aResidual scores of DNA methylation levels were used in the statistical models. They were obtained by using unstandardized analysis of residuals computed by linear regressions which included gestational age, newborn’s sex and weight, smoking during pregnancy, weight gain between the first and second trimester and maternal BMI at the first trimester
^b n = 129 (70 normal weight and 59 overweight)
^c n = 129 (96 NGTs and 33 GDMs). Statistically significant results (p < 0.05) are shown in bold, whereas statistical trend (p < 0.10) are shown in italics

ISSN: 1868-7083