Characteristics | E-21—NGT | E-21—GDMa | Gen3G | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 100 | n = 33 | p | n = 172 | p p | |
Maternal characteristics | |||||
Gravidity | |||||
0 | 38 | 6 | 0.88 | 60 | 0.79 |
1 | 32 | 6 | 60 | ||
2 | 19 | 4 | 32 | ||
3 | 4 | 0 | 13 | ||
4+ | 3 | 1 | 7 | ||
Parity | |||||
0 | 49 | 7 | 0.62 | 88 | 0.32 |
1 | 30 | 8 | 60 | ||
2 | 16 | 2 | 18 | ||
3+ | 1 | 0 | 6 | ||
Smoking during pregnancy (%) | 9.0 | 0 | 0.074 | 7.1l | 0.73 |
Mode of delivery (n) | |||||
C-section | 15 | 4 | 0.36c | 30 | 0.83 |
Vaginal | 81 | 12 | 142 | ||
1st trimester of pregnancy | |||||
Age (years) | 28.6 ± 3.9 | 29.2 ± 3.8 | 0.40 | 28.0 ± 4.1 | 0.26 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.1 ± 5.0 | 25.9 ± 4.0 | 0.16 | 25.6 ± 5.6 | 0.71 |
Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.44 ± 0.34b | 4.49 ± 0.50b | 0.53 | 5.31 ± 1.27m, n | <0.001 |
2nd trimester of pregnancy | |||||
Weight gain between 1st and 2nd trimester (%) | 10.0 ± 4.4 | 9.0 ± 2.7 | 0.27 | 10.3 ± 5.1 | 0.36 |
Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 4.31 ± 0.39b | 4.54 ± 0.45b | 0.006d | 4.11 ± 0.32 | <0.001 |
Fasting insulin (mU/L) | 9.53 ± 8.71 | 11.02 ± 6.00 | 0.048e | 8.64 ± 5.33l | 0.81 |
2 h post-OGTT glucose concentration (mmol/L) | 6.19 ± 0.81 | 8.48 ± 0.67 | <0.001 | 5.69 ± 1.08n | <0.001 |
HOMA-IR | 1.83 ± 1.57 | 2.15 ± 1.29 | 0.30 | 1.60 ± 1.02 | 0.42 |
3rd trimester of pregnancy | |||||
Weight gain between 2nd and 3rd trimester (%) | 12.54 ± 3.97 | 9.20 ± 3.44 | <0.001 | – | – |
Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 4.32 ± 0.73b | 4.25 ± 0.43b | 0.60 | – | – |
Fasting insulin (mU/L) | 14.84 ± 26.50 | 9.43 ± 5.31 | 0.33 | – | – |
HOMA-IRa | 3.41 ± 9.81 | 1.81 ± 1.09 | 0.13 | – | – |
Newborns’ characteristics | |||||
Gestational age (week) | 39.4 ± 1.0 | 39.2 ± 1.5 | 0.62 | 39.5 ± 1.2 | 0.20 |
Sex (boys/girls) | 50/50 | 18/15 | 0.65 | 81/91 | 0.74 |
Birth weight (kg) | 3.46 ± 0.37 | 3.40 ± 0.46 | 0.33 | 3.43 ± 0.44 | 0.38 |
Chest circumference (cm) | 33.47 ± 1.61 | 33.07 ± 1.85 | 0.21f | – | – |
Head circumference (cm) | 34.19 ± 1.49 | 34.63 ± 1.22 | 0.12g | 34.62 ± 1.42 | 0.05 |
Birth height (cm) | 49.87 ± 1.91 | 49.82 ± 1.56 | 0.79h | 50.86 ± 2.07n | <0.001 |
Cord blood leptin (ng/mL) | 11.1 ± 8.39 | 7.55 ± 4.70 | 0.10i | 15.0 ± 14.1o | 0.13 |
Cord blood glucose (mmol/L) | 4.55 ± 1.01 | 4.60 ± 0.78 | 0.64j | 4.37 ± 0.91l | 0.17 |
Cord blood triglycerides (mmol/L) | 0.42 ± 0.15 | 0.51 ± 0.28 | 0.52k | – | – |