Skip to main content

Table 1 Characteristics of mothers and newborns in the E-21 and Gen3G birth cohorts

From: PPARGC1α gene DNA methylation variations in human placenta mediate the link between maternal hyperglycemia and leptin levels in newborns

Characteristics

E-21—NGT

E-21—GDMa

 

Gen3G

 
 

n = 100

n = 33

p

n = 172

p p

Maternal characteristics

     

 Gravidity

     

  0

38

6

0.88

60

0.79

  1

32

6

 

60

 

  2

19

4

 

32

 

  3

4

0

 

13

 

  4+

3

1

 

7

 

Parity

     

  0

49

7

0.62

88

0.32

  1

30

8

 

60

 

  2

16

2

 

18

 

  3+

1

0

 

6

 

Smoking during pregnancy (%)

9.0

0

0.074

7.1l

0.73

Mode of delivery (n)

     

  C-section

15

4

0.36c

30

0.83

  Vaginal

81

12

 

142

 

1st trimester of pregnancy

     

Age (years)

28.6 ± 3.9

29.2 ± 3.8

0.40

28.0 ± 4.1

0.26

BMI (kg/m2)

25.1 ± 5.0

25.9 ± 4.0

0.16

25.6 ± 5.6

0.71

Glucose (mmol/L)

4.44 ± 0.34b

4.49 ± 0.50b

0.53

5.31 ± 1.27m, n

<0.001

2nd trimester of pregnancy

     

Weight gain between 1st and 2nd trimester (%)

10.0 ± 4.4

9.0 ± 2.7

0.27

10.3 ± 5.1

0.36

Fasting glucose (mmol/L)

4.31 ± 0.39b

4.54 ± 0.45b

0.006d

4.11 ± 0.32

<0.001

Fasting insulin (mU/L)

9.53 ± 8.71

11.02 ± 6.00

0.048e

8.64 ± 5.33l

0.81

2 h post-OGTT glucose concentration (mmol/L)

6.19 ± 0.81

8.48 ± 0.67

<0.001

5.69 ± 1.08n

<0.001

HOMA-IR

1.83 ± 1.57

2.15 ± 1.29

0.30

1.60 ± 1.02

0.42

3rd trimester of pregnancy

     

Weight gain between 2nd and 3rd trimester (%)

12.54 ± 3.97

9.20 ± 3.44

<0.001

Fasting glucose (mmol/L)

4.32 ± 0.73b

4.25 ± 0.43b

0.60

Fasting insulin (mU/L)

14.84 ± 26.50

9.43 ± 5.31

0.33

HOMA-IRa

3.41 ± 9.81

1.81 ± 1.09

0.13

Newborns’ characteristics

     

Gestational age (week)

39.4 ± 1.0

39.2 ± 1.5

0.62

39.5 ± 1.2

0.20

Sex (boys/girls)

50/50

18/15

0.65

81/91

0.74

Birth weight (kg)

3.46 ± 0.37

3.40 ± 0.46

0.33

3.43 ± 0.44

0.38

Chest circumference (cm)

33.47 ± 1.61

33.07 ± 1.85

0.21f

Head circumference (cm)

34.19 ± 1.49

34.63 ± 1.22

0.12g

34.62 ± 1.42

0.05

Birth height (cm)

49.87 ± 1.91

49.82 ± 1.56

0.79h

50.86 ± 2.07n

<0.001

Cord blood leptin (ng/mL)

11.1 ± 8.39

7.55 ± 4.70

0.10i

15.0 ± 14.1o

0.13

Cord blood glucose (mmol/L)

4.55 ± 1.01

4.60 ± 0.78

0.64j

4.37 ± 0.91l

0.17

Cord blood triglycerides (mmol/L)

0.42 ± 0.15

0.51 ± 0.28

0.52k

  1. Continuous variables are mean +/−s.d
  2. aTreated GDM with diet or with insulin and diet
  3. bFasting state
  4. c n = 112 (96 NGT and 16 GDM)
  5. d n = 130 (100 NGT and 30 GDM)
  6. e n = 125 (97 NGT and 28 GDM)
  7. f n = 122 (97 NGT and 25 GDM)
  8. g n = 105 (77 NGT and 28 GDM)
  9. h n = 123 (93 NGT and 30 GDM)
  10. i n = 123 (94 NGT and 30 GDM)
  11. j n = 78 (57 NGT and 21 GDM)
  12. k n = 116 (86 NGT and 30 GDM)
  13. l n = 170
  14. m1 h-post 50 g OGTT
  15. n n = 171
  16. o n = 169
  17. pComparison between NGT patients in E-21 and Gen3G