Fig. 1

Changes in body weight, marrow adiposity, and biomarkers of the OVX animal model. a The animal groups of the study were the following: OVX rats not treated with NMP (OVX Veh), OVX NMP rats treated with 105 μl/100 g/week of NMP, and Sham animals (Sham Veh) not treated with NMP and not ovariectomized. Significant difference in body weight is shown between animal groups from week 3 to week 12 of treatment (Sham Veh vs OVX Veh ** and OVX Veh vs OVX NMP). b Representative images of mid-diaphyseal femoral marrow sections from different groups after 15 weeks of treatment. c Estradiol, TNF-α, and leptin serum level were also compared between groups (Sham Veh vs OVX Veh * (P < 0.05) and OVX Veh vs OVX NMP (P < 0.05)). Values are mean ± SD; error bars in the figure are presented as SD