Table 1 Conceptuses and/or placentas in mice: resorption rate, weight, gene expression and/or DNA methylation of imprinted genes
Species | GA study | Control group | Manipulation group | RR | Weight | Gene expression | Methylation | References | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | P | F | P | F | P | Â | |||||
Mouse | E14 | Blastocyst transfer | SO, IVC M16 (1-cell=>blastocyst) | = | = | NA | = Igf2, Grb10, Grb7, H19 | NA | = H19 | NA | [73] |
SO, IVC M16+FCS (1-cell=>blastocyst) | ↑ | ↓ | NA | ↓ H19, Igf2, Grb7 | NA | ↑ H19 | NA | ||||
↑ Grb10 | |||||||||||
Mouse | E18 | SO, blastocyst transfer | SO, IVC (1-cell=>morula) 7 % O2, (morula=>blastocyst) 2 % O2, transfer | ↑ | ↓ | = | NA | = Slc2a1, Slc2a3, Igf2, Igf2r, H19 | NA | NA | [186] |
SO, IVC (1-cell=>blastocyst) 7 % O2, transfer | = | = | = | NA | = Slc2a1, Slc2a3, Igf2, Igf2r, H19 | NA | NA | ||||
SO, IVC (1-cell=>morula) 7 % O2, (morula=>blastocyst) 20 % O2, transfer | = | = | = | NA | = Slc2a1, Slc2a3, Igf2, Igf2r, H19 | NA | NA | ||||
Mouse | E12.5 | SO, blastocyst transfer | SO, IVF, IVC KSOM/AA, blastocyst transfer | = | ↓ | = | NA | NA | NA | NA | [4] |
SO, IVF, IVC WM, blastocyst transfer | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||||
SO, IVF, IVC KSOM/AA, blastocyst transfer | SO, IVF, IVC WM, blastocyst transfer | = | ↓ | ↓ | NA | NA | NA | NA | |||
Mouse | E15.5 | SO, blastocyst transfer | SO, IVF, IVC KSOM/AA, blastocyst transfer | NA | ↓ | = | NA | ↑ Slc7a3 | NA | NA | [10] |
= Igf2, H19, Glut1, Snat,1 Snat2, Snat4 | |||||||||||
↓ Glut3 | |||||||||||
E18.5 | SO, blastocyst transfer | SO, IVF, IVC KSOM/AA, blastocyst transfer | NA | ↓ | ↑ | NA | = Snat1, Slc7a3 | NA | NA | ||
↓ Igf2, H19, Glut1, Glut3, Snat2, Snat4 | |||||||||||
Mouse | E9.5 | In vivo fertilization | IVC KSOM/AA (2-cells=>blastocyst) | NA | NA | NA | Monoallelic: H19, Snrpn | Monoallelic: H19, Snrpn, Ascl2, Peg3 | = H19, Snrpn | = H19, Snrpn | [69] |
IVC WM (2-cells=>blastocyst) | NA | NA | NA | Monoallelic: H19, Snrpn | Biallelic: H19, Snrpn, Ascl2, Peg3 | = H19, Snrpn | Partial LOM: H19, Snrpn | ||||
Mouse | E9.5 | In vivo fertilization | SO, blastocyst transfer | NA | NA | NA | Monoallelic: H19, Cdkn1c, Kcnq1, Ascl2, Zim1, Snrpn, Kcnq1ot1, Peg3, Igf2, Mkrn3 | Biallelic: H19 | NA | NA | [72] |
High levels of misexpression: at least 1/8 IG | |||||||||||
↑ Ascl2, = H19 | |||||||||||
↓ Igf2 | |||||||||||
SO, IVC KSOM/AA (2-cells=>blastocyst), blastocyst transfer | NA | NA | NA | Monoallelic: H19, Cdkn1c, Kcnq1, Ascl2, Zim1, Kcnq1ot1, Peg3, Igf2 | Biallelic: H19 | NA | NA | ||||
↑ Ascl2, = H19 | |||||||||||
↓ Igf2 | |||||||||||
Low levels of misexpression: Snrpn, Mkrn3 | |||||||||||
Mouse | E9.5 | In vivo fertilization | SO | NA | NA | NA | Monoallelic: H19, Snrpn, Igf2, Kncq1ot1 | Biallelic: H19, Snrpn | NA | = H19, Snrpn | [79] |
Monoallelic: Igf2, Kncq1ot1 | |||||||||||
= Igf2 | |||||||||||
↑ Igf2 | |||||||||||
Blastocyst transfer | SO, blastocyst transfer | NA | NA | NA | Monoallelic: H19, Snrpn, Igf2 | Biallelic: H19 | NA | = H19, Snrpn | |||
Monoallelic: Snrpn, Igf2 | |||||||||||
= Igf2 | ↑ Igf2 | ||||||||||
Mouse | E10.5 | SO, blastocyst transfer | SO, IVC (1-cell=>blastocyst) (M16 or sequential G1/G2), blastocyst transfer | ↑ | NA | NA | NA | ↑ H19, Igf2, Zac1, Slc38a4, Cdkn1c, Gtl2, Rian, Dlk1, Nnat, Peg3 | = Igf2, H19 | = H19, Igf2, Igf2r, Dlk1-Dio3 | [5] |
= Igf2r, Grb10 | |||||||||||
↓ Dnc, Gatm, Mest | |||||||||||
SO, IVF, IVC (M16 or sequential G1/G2), blastocyst transfer | ↑ | NA | NA | NA | ↑ H19, Igf2, Igf2r, Zac1, Slc38a4, Cdkn1c, Gtl2, Rian, Dlk1, Nnat, Peg3 | = Igf2 | = H19, Igf2, Igf2r, Dlk1-Dio3 | ||||
= Grb10, Mest | |||||||||||
↓ Dnc, Gatm | |||||||||||
Mouse | E14 | In vivo fertilization | SO, IVF, IVC, blastocyst transfer | NA | NA | NA | ↓ Igf2, | ↑ Igf2 | LOM: H19 | LOM: H19 | [187] |
↑ H19 | ↓ H19 | ||||||||||
SO, IVF, IVC, vitrifying/warming morula, blastocyst transfer | NA | NA | NA | ↓ Igf2, | ↑ Igf2 | LOM: H19 | LOM: H19 | ||||
↑ H19 | |||||||||||
SO, IVF, IVC, blastocyst transfer | SO, IVF, IVC, vitrifying/warming morula, blastocyst transfer | NA | NA | NA | ↑ Igf2, | ↑ Igf2 | LOM: H19 | = H19 | |||
↓ H19 | ↓ H19 | ||||||||||
Mouse | E10.5 | In vivo fertilization | SO, IVF, IVC KSOM/AA 5 % O2, morula/blastocyst transfer | NA | NA | NA | Monoallelic: Igf2, Cdkn1c, Snrpn, Kcnq1ot1 | Biallelic: H19, Snrpn, Peg3, Cdkn1c | = H19, Snrpn, Peg1, Kcnq1ot1, Dlk1/Gtl2, Peg3 | = Snrpn, Kcnq1ot1, Peg1, Dlk1/Gtl2, Peg3 | [74] |
Biallelic: H19, Peg3 | Monoallelic: Kcnq1ot1 | ||||||||||
↓ H19 | |||||||||||
SO, IVF, IVC KSOM/AA 20 % O2, morula/blastocyst transfer | NA | NA | NA | Monoallelic: Igf2, Snrpn, Kcnq1ot1, Cdkn1c | Biallelic: H19, Snrpn, Peg3, Cdkn1c, Kcnq1ot1 | = H19, Snrpn, Peg1, Kcnq1ot1, Dlk1/Gtl2, Peg3 | = Snrpn, Kcnq1ot1, Peg1, Dlk1/Gtl2 | ||||
Biallelic: H19, Peg3 | |||||||||||
↓ Peg3, H19 | |||||||||||