Table 1 Overview of experimental in utero exposure models
From: Inter- and transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: evidence in asthma and COPD?
Exposure type | Preconceptional exposure | Prenatal exposure | Postnatal challenge |
|---|---|---|---|
Sidestream tobacco smoking (SS; ‘passive smoking’) | |||
Mainstream tobacco smoking (MS; ‘active smoking’) | |||
Active and passive tobacco smoking |  | MS + SS vs. SS [136] |  |
Surrogate for tobacco smoking | |||
Pollutants | BPA [143,145,146], DEP [147-149] DEP, TiO2, or carbon black [150], ROFA [151], ozone [152], UPM [153], FA [154] | OVA [143,144,147,150,152-154], low- or high-fat diet [148], ozone [149] | |
Allergens | OVA [77,96,155,158-160], OVA + Al(OH)3 OVA + PT, or OVA + CpG [161] | OVA [77,93,96,105,156-160], OVA or Casein [155], OVA or BLG [97], OVA + Al(OH)3 [161], peanut [92] | |
Bacteria and bacterial compounds | LPS [82] | LPS [82,162,163], LPS + iNOS inhibitor [164], A. lwoffii F78 [165,166], L. rhamnosus [167] | |
Fungi | A. fumigates [83], DEP + A. fumigates [169], M. anisopliae [168] | ||
Nutrition, stress, and other factors | Methyl donor supplement [109], vitamin D3-deficient diet [170] | Noise [169], methyl donor supplement [109], vitamin A-deficient diet [171], vitamin D3-deficient diet [170], vitamin D-deficient diet [172], FBZ [173] | OVA [109,169], vitamin D3-deficient diet [170], vitamin D-deficient diet FBZ [172] and OVA [173] |