Table 5 Studies of PAH exposure biomarkers and DNA methylation outcomes (3 studies available)

Alegria-Torres, 2013 [118]

CS

San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Occupational population

39

100

42.5 (16 to 75)

Urine

Per μg/g increase

Peripheral leukocytes

Average % methylation

QC or CH assessment NR. Models adjusted for smoking status, usual alcohol drinking, current medication, age, and average number of cigarettes smoked.

1-Hydroxypyrene by HPLC

Quantitative Pyrosequencing

Difference

(Mean=0.18 μg/g creatinine)

Specific

Interleukin 12

−1.57

−2.9, −0.23

p53

−2.7

−5.46, 0.06

TNF-α

−3.9

−8.28, 0.48

IFN-γ

−0.43

−16.45, 15.59

IL-6

0.22

−9.19, 9.63

Global

LINE-1

−0.49

−4.74, 3.76

Alu

−0.55

−1.25, 0.16

Pavanello, 2009 [119]

CS

Poland

92

100

37 (20-59)

Urine

Peripheral blood lymphocytes

Average % methylation

Difference

QC reported. CH assessment or adjustment for potential confounders NR. All participants were non-current smokers

1-pyrenol by HPLC-F

Per μmol/mol creatinine increase

Quantitative pyrosequencing

Peripheral blood lymphocites

Specific

p53

−1.58

P < 0.001

p16

−0.01

P = 0.736

HIC1

−0.57

P = 0.059

IL-6

1.06

P = 0.012

Global

0.72

P = 0.01

LINE-1

0.13

P = 0.004

Alu

Anti-BPDE–DNA by HPLC-F analysis of BP-tetrol-I-1

Per adducts /10⁸ nucleotides increase

Specific

p53

−1.04

P < 0.001

p16

−0.02

P = 0.314

HIC1

−0.31

P = 0.142

IL-6

0.57

P = 0.043

Global

LINE-1

0.63

P < 0.001

Alu

0.10

P < 0.001

Yang, 2012 [120]

CS

Anshan City, Liaoning, China

128

100

42.07

Urine

Log transformed μg/L

Peripheral blood lymphocytes

% methylation

QC or CH NR. Unadjusted for potential confounders.

1-Hydroxypyrene

Specific by methylation specific quantitative PCR

(Overall mean=6.56)

p16^INK4α

r spearman = 0.450

<0.001