Table 1 Maternal and neonatal characteristics

Maternal characteristics

Age, yrs

22.9 ± 3.2

23.1 ± 2.9

23.9 ± 4.2

Weight, kg

52.1 ± 8.2

52.0 ± 11.2

47.7 ± 6.6*¹

Height, cm

152.7 ± 4.9

152.3 ± 7.2

150.7 ± 5.4

Body mass index, kg/m²

22.3 ± 3.4

22.4 ± 4.8

20.9 ± 2.7

Gestation, wks

39.0 ± 1.2

38.6 ± 1.1

34.2 ± 1.9**¹

Education, grade

9.2 ± 4.0

9.8 ± 3.5

9.4 ± 3.9

Income, Rs

6,191.5 ± 4,524.8

5,844.4 ± 3,285.3

6,258.5 ± 5,183.0

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

123.4 ± 7.2

152.2 ± 16.0**

154.3 ± 15.8**

Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

78.3 ± 6.0

100.8 ± 11.5**

103.0 ± 13.3**

Parity, %

 Nulliparous

42.6

68.9

58.5

 Multiparous

57.4

31.1

41.5

Mode of delivery, %

 Normal delivery

70.2

78.3

45.2

 Caesarean section

29.8

21.7

54.8

Neonatal characteristics

Gender of fetus, %

 Male

54.3

51.1

42.9

 Female

45.7

48.9

57.1

APGAR score (1 minute)

7.7 ± 1.2

7.6 ± 1.2

6.6 ± 1.8**¹

APGAR score (5 minute)

8.6 ± 0.7

8.8 ± 0.7

8.1 ± 1.0**¹

Weight, kg

2.9 ± 0.3

2.7 ± 0.5**

1.9 ± 0.5**¹

Length, cm

48.1 ± 2.6

48.1 ± 2.4

43.8 ± 4.4**¹

Head circumference, cm

33.9 ± 1.3

33.3 ± 1.7

30.3 ± 3.0**¹

Chest circumference, cm

32.3 ± 1.4

31.7 ± 2.1

27.1 ± 2.9**