Table 1 Summary of the methylation rate of multiple genes studied in advanced gallbladder cancer
From: DNA promoter methylation as a diagnostic and therapeutic biomarker in gallbladder cancer
Gene name | Full name | Function | Frequency of methylation % (n) | Origin of specimen | Method | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CDH1 | Cadherin 1, type 1, E-cadherin (epithelial) | Tissue invasion (cell-cell adhesion) | 11 (1/9) | Japan | MSP | Tozawa et al. 2004 [43] |
| Â | Â | 38 (19/50) | Chile | MSP | Takahashi et al. 2004 [32] | |
| Â | Â | 65 (13/20) | Chile | MSP | Roa et al. 2006 [39] | |
| Â | Â | 60 (13/20) | Chile | MSP | Roa et al. 2008 [46] | |
| Â | Â | 65 (15/23) | Chile | MSP | GarcÃa et al. 2009 [29] | |
| Â | Â | 41 (9/22) | Japan | Nested MSP | Koga et al. 2005 [47] | |
FHIT | Fragile histidine triad gene | Regulation of DNA replication and apoptosis | 30 (6/20) | Chile | MSP | Roa et al. 2006 [39] |
| Â | Â | 66 (33/50) | Chile | MSP | Riquelme et al. 2007 [40] | |
| Â | Â | 32 (8/25) | Chile | MSP | Roa et al. 2008 [46] | |
| Â | Â | 57 (13/23) | Chile | MSP | GarcÃa et al. 2009 [29] | |
APC | Adenomatous polyposis coli | Cell migration, adhesion and apoptosis | 26 (14/54) | Chile, USA | Nested MSP | House et al. 2003 [28] |
| Â | Â | 30 (15/50) | Chile | MSP | Takahashi et al. 2004 [32] | |
| Â | Â | 40 (8/20) | Chile | MSP | Roa et al. 2006 [39] | |
| Â | Â | 32 (8/25) | Chile | MSP | Roa et al. 2008 [46] | |
| Â | Â | 35 (8/23) | Chile | MSP | GarcÃa et al. 2009 [29] | |
hMLH1 | Human homologs of the MutL gene of bacteria | Mismatch repair | 13 (7/54) | Chile, USA | Nested MSP | House et al. 2003 [28] |
| Â | Â | 0 (0/9) | Japan | MSP | Tozawa et al. 2004 [43] | |
| Â | Â | 5 (1/20) | Chile | MSP | Roa et al. 2006 [39] | |
| Â | Â | 4 (2/50) | Chile | MSP | Riquelme et al. 2007 [40] | |
| Â | Â | 4 (1/25) | Chile | MSP | Roa et al. 2008 [46] | |
| Â | Â | 17 (4/23) | Chile | MSP | GarcÃa et al. 2009 [29] | |
p16 | Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A | Cell cycle regulation | 56 (30/54) | Chile, USA | Nested MSP | House et al. 2003 [28] |
| Â | Â | 60 (3/5) | Germany | MSP | Klump et al. 2003 [48] | |
| Â | Â | 22 (2/9) | Japan | MSP | Tozawa et al. 2004 [43] | |
| Â | Â | 24 (9/38) | Chile | MSP | Roa et al. 2004 [49] | |
| Â | Â | 24 (12/50) | Chile | MSP | Takahashi et al. 2004 [32] | |
| Â | Â | 15 (8/54) | China | MSP | Ueki et al. 2004 [31] | |
| Â | Â | 20 (4/20) | Chile | MSP | Roa et al. 2006 [39] | |
| Â | Â | 73 (37/51) | Japan | MSP | Tadokoro et al. 2007 [50] | |
| Â | Â | 20 (5/25) | Chile | MSP | Roa et al. 2008 [46] | |
| Â | Â | 26 (6/23) | Chile | MSP | GarcÃa et al. 2009 [29] | |
p15 | Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2B | Cell cycle regulation | 44 (22/50) | Chile | MSP | Takahashi et al. 2004 [32] |
| Â | Â | 22 (5/23) | Chile | MSP | GarcÃa et al. 2009 [29] | |
DAPK1 | Death-associated protein kinase 1 | Serine-threonine kinase | 22 (2/9) | Japan | MSP | Tozawa et al. 2004 [43] |
| Â | Â | 8 (4/50) | Chile | MSP | Takahashi et al. 2004 [32] | |
| Â | Â | 61 (14/23) | Chile | MSP | GarcÃa et al. 2009 [29] | |
DLC1 | Deleted in liver cancer 1 | GTPase-activating protein | 39 (9/23) | Chile | MSP | GarcÃa et al. 2009 [29] |
RASSF1 | RAS association domain family protein 1A | Signal transduction | 11 (1/9) | Japan | MSP | Tozawa et al. 2004 [43] |
| Â | Â | 0 (0/50) | Chile | MSP | Takahashi et al. 2004 [32] | |
| Â | Â | 8 (4/50) | Chile | MSP | Riquelme et al. 2007 [40] | |
| Â | Â | 36 (8/22) | Korea | MSP | Kee et al. 2007 [42] | |
| Â | Â | 17 (4/23) | Chile | MSP | GarcÃa et al. 2009 [29] | |
MGMT | O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase | Methyltransferase | 13 (7/54) | Chile, USA | Nested MSP | House et al. 2003 [28] |
| Â | Â | 30 (7/23) | Chile | MSP | Garcia et al. 2009 [29] | |
CDH13 | Cadherin 13, H-cadherin (heart) | Tissue invasion (cell-cell adhesion) | 44 (22/50) | Chile | MSP | Takahashi et al. 2004 [32] |
| Â | Â | 70 (16/23) | Chile | MSP | GarcÃa et al. 2009 [29] | |
TIMP3 | Metallopeptidase inhibitor 3 | Degradation of the extracellular matrix | 0 (0/50) | Chile | MSP | Takahashi et al. 2004 [32] |
| Â | Â | 39 (9/23) | Chile | MSP | Garcia et al. 2009 [29] | |
GSTP1 | Glutathione S-transferase pi 1 | Conjugation of hydrophobic and electrophilic compounds | 13 (3/23) | Chile | MSP | Garcia et al. 2009 [29] |
RARβ2 | Retinoic acid receptor, beta | Encodes retinoic acid receptor beta (mediates cellular signaling) | 4 (2/54) | Chile, USA | Nested MSP | House et al. 2003 [28] |
| Â | Â | 14 (7/50) | Chile | MSP | Takahashi et al. 2004 [32] | |
| Â | Â | 44 (10/23) | Chile | MSP | Garcia et al. 2009 [29] | |
REPRIMO | TP53 dependent G2 arrest mediator candidate | Cell cycle regulation (p53 mediator) | 62 (31/50) | Chile | MSP | Takahashi et al. 2005 [51] |
SHP1 | Protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 6 | Regulate cell growth, differentiation, mitotic cycle | 80 (40/50) | Chile | MSP | Takahashi et al. 2004 [32] |
3-OST-2 | Heparan sulfate (glucosamine) 3-O-sulfotransferase 2 | Osulfotransferase | 72 (36/50) | Chile | MSP | Takahashi et al. 2004 [32] |
RUNX3 | Runt-related transcription factor 3 | TGF-beta signal pathway | 22 (2/9) | Japan | MSP | Tozawa et al. 2004 [43] |
| Â | Â | 32 (16/50) | Chile | MSP | Takahashi et al. 2004 [32] | |
RIZ1 | PR domain containing 2, with ZNF domain | Histone/protein methyltransferase | 26 (13/50) | Chile | MSP | Takahashi et al. 2004 [32] |
HPP1 | Transmembrane protein with EGF-like and two follistatin-like domains 2 | TGF-beta signal pathway | 20 (10/50) | Chile | MSP | Takahashi et al. 2004 [32] |
P73 | Tumor protein p73 | Induction of apoptosis and cell cycle regulation | 28 (15/54) | Chile, USA | Nested MSP | House et al. 2003 [28] |
| Â | Â | 14 (7/50) | Chile | MSP | Takahashi et al. 2004 [32] | |
SOCS-1 | Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 | JAK-STAT pathway | 12 (6/50) | Chile | MSP | Takahashi et al. 2004 [32] |
DCR2 | Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 10d | TNF-receptor superfamily | 6 (3/50) | Chile | MSP | Takahashi et al. 2004 [32] |
SEMA3B | Sema domain, immunoglobulin domain (Ig), short basic domain, secreted, (semaphorin) 3B | Induction of apoptosis | 92 (46/50) | Chile | MSP | Riquelme et al. 2007 [40] |
DUTT1 | Human homolog of Drosophila Roundabout (ROBO1) | Cell migration and metastasis | 22 (11/50) | Chile | MSP | Riquelme et al. 2007 [40] |
BLU | Zinc finger, MYND-type containing 10 | Cell cycle regulation | 26 (13/50) | Chile | MSP | Riquelme et al. 2007 [40] |
UCHL1 | Ubiquitin carboxyl - terminal esterase L1 | Peptidase C12 family | 27 (6/22) | Korea | MSP | Lee et al. 2006 [52] |
p14 | Ribonuclease P/MRP 14 kDa subunit | Cell cycle regulation | 40 (2/5) | Germany | MSP | Klump et al. 2003 [48] |